Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
218 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
3 month old infant present with decreased activity, decreased oral intake, upper airway congestion, general irritability, and severe hypotonia
2 week history of constipation for which her mother had given her HONEY |
Clostridium botulinum
|
|
|
common presentation of infantile botulism?
|
1st - constipation
2nd - trouble swallowing and weakness "Floppy Baby Syndome" |
|
|
What is the site of action of botulism?
|
Neuromuscular junction
|
|
|
Clostridium botulinum morphology?
ddx Bacilli? |
Gram (+) Rod
Spore forming Obligate Anaerobe (Bacilli are aerobic) |
|
|
what bacteria release exotoxins which act of cAMP?
|
Cholera (vibrio cholerae)
Anthrax (Bacillus anthrasis) Montezumah's (ETEC) Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis) |
|
|
Cause of disease in botulism
|
powerful heat-labile neurotoxin which irreversibly blocks acetylcholine release at the NM junction
|
|
|
MCC Infantile Botulism
|
Honey
sometimes corn syrup |
|
|
MCC adult Botulism
|
canned fruits
bulging cans fish with pH > 4.6 |
|
|
Common cause of wound Botulism
|
Black tar heroin use
|
|
|
CNS involvement in botulism?
|
CNS is not involved, toxin effects PNS (NM junctions, postganglionic parasymp, peripheral ganglia)
|
|
|
The toxin of botulism, a __-______, cleaves components of the neuroexocytosis apparatus, irreversibly preventing Ach release from NM jxn causing flaccid paralysis
|
Zn-metalloproteinase
|
|
|
In adults, what is the common progression
|
Begins @ CNs - ptosis, dysphagia, dry mouth, blurred vision
proceeds to paralysis, diarrhea, vomiting death by respiratory failure |
|
|
Treatment of Botulism
|
Supportive therapy
Equine Antitoxin serum ABs contraindicated in infants |
|
|
Classic Triad of Meningitis
|
Fever
Headache Nuchal Rigidity |
|
|
Additional common symptom of VIRAL meningitis?
|
photophobia
|
|
|
Common pathway of meningial infection
|
1 colonization of nasopharynx
2 mucosal invasion 3 entry into blood, bacteremia 4 Crossing of choroid into subarachnoid and CSF 5 Multiplication, induction of inflammation 6 Progression, cytokines 7 Edema and intracranial pressure production symptoms and signs |
|
|
________ is the common evasive mechanism among meningeal pathogens
|
Encapsulation
|
|
|
In immunocompromised patients, the ______ pathway is the main host defense against encapsulated pathogens
|
alternate complement
|
|
|
MCC Newborn meningitis + major virulence
|
Group B Strep (type III capsule)
E coli (K1 antigen capsule) Listeria monocytogenes (Invasin) |
|
|
MCC Meningitis 6mo to 6years
|
S pneumoniae
N meningitidis H influenzae B (rare) Enteroviruses |
|
|
MCC Meningitis 6-60
|
N meningitidis
Enteroviruses S pneumoniae HSV |
|
|
MCC Meningitis 60+
|
S pneumoniae
Listeria monocytogenes Gram (-) rods |
|
|
MCC Meningitis in AIDs patient
|
Cryptococcus neoformans (capsule)
neck stiffness often absent |
|
|
Stiff neck is seen in __ to __% of infants and __% of adults, along with _____ and _____ signs
|
60 to 80% infants
90% adults Brudzinski and Kernig signs |
|
|
petechiae and purpura are seen in 50% of adults with ________ meningitis
|
meningococcal
|
|
|
CSF Values - Bacterial
|
^ pressure
^ PMNs (WBCs > 1000, >50%pmn) ^ protein ↓Glucose |
|
|
CSF Values - Viral
|
normal/↑Pressure
↑Lymphocytes normal/↑protein normal sugar |
|
|
CSF Values - Fungal/TB
|
↑Pressure
↑Lymphocytes ↑Protein ↓Glucose |
|
|
cryptococcus can be diagnosed via _____ stain OR, more rapidly ____
|
India Ink Stain
detects gelatinous capsule Latex agglutination is faster |
|
|
AB for Gram+ cocci presumptive meningitis
|
Vancomycin + ceftriaxone
|
|
|
AB for presumptive Gram- cocci meningitis
|
Ceftriaxone (Cefotaxime for infants)
|
|
|
AB for presumptive Gram+ bacilli meningitis (listeria)
|
Ampicillin/Penicillin + Aminoglycoside (gentamicin)
|
|
|
AB for presumptive Gram- bacilli meningitis (ecoli, pseudomonas)
|
broad spectrum ceph +
aminoglycoside |
|
|
Maximal bactericidal activity is achieved when the [AB] reaches __ fold greater than [] to kill pathogen
|
10
|
|
|
Administration of high dose ______ to adults in meningitis improves survival, particularly in cases of pneumococcal meningitis. Must be given just before or at the time of ABs for maximum benefit
|
Steroids (Dexamethasone)
|
|
|
Classical Triad of Encephalitis
|
Fever
Headache Altered Mental Status |
|
|
MCC Viral Encephalitis, timing
|
Enteroviruses, late summer - fall
arboviruses also common, summer |
|
|
Localization of damage in HSV Encephalitis
|
hemorrhagic lesions of the temporal lobes
|
|
|
20 year old with signs of meningitis and purpuric skin lesions, neck stiffness, bp of 71/54
|
N meningitidis most likely
|
|
|
Empirical treatment of suspected meningococcal meningitis
|
Ceftriaxone and Vancomycin
|
|
|
AB for presumptive Gram- bacilli meningitis (ecoli, pseudomonas)
|
broad spectrum ceph +
aminoglycoside |
|
|
Morphology of N meningitis
|
Gram (-) diplococci
Maltose and Glucose fermenting (ddx N gono) Polysaccharide capsule is major virulence factor |
|
|
Maximal bactericidal activity is achieved when the [AB] reaches __ fold greater than [] to kill pathogen
|
10
|
|
|
Administration of high dose ______ to adults in meningitis improves survival, particularly in cases of pneumococcal meningitis. Must be given just before or at the time of ABs for maximum benefit
|
Steroids (Dexamethasone)
|
|
|
Major carrier of N meningitis
|
Humans
|
|
|
Classical Triad of Encephalitis
|
Fever
Headache Altered Mental Status |
|
|
MCC Viral Encephalitis, timing
|
Enteroviruses, late summer - fall
arboviruses also common, summer |
|
|
Localization of damage in HSV Encephalitis
|
hemorrhagic lesions of the temporal lobes
|
|
|
20 year old with signs of meningitis and purpuric skin lesions, neck stiffness, bp of 71/54
|
N meningitidis most likely
|
|
|
Empirical treatment of suspected meningococcal meningitis
|
Ceftriaxone and Vancomycin
|
|
|
Morphology of N meningitis
|
Gram (-) diplococci
Maltose and Glucose fermenting (ddx N gono) Polysaccharide capsule is major virulence factor |
|
|
Major carrier of N meningitis
|
Humans
|
|
|
Peron to person transmission of N menin occurs via
|
respiratory droplets
|
|
|
serogroup _ is responsible for most meningococci meningitis in US
peak time? |
B
late winter early spring |
|
|
Highest susceptibility groups (3)
|
Children 3 to 12 months after mothers antibodies are lost
College Students Army |
|
|
Incubation period of N men
|
2 to 10 days
|
|
|
Invasive disease follows _____ colozination and is enhanced by __ ___. ______ protects the bacteria from opsonization
|
nasopharyngeal
IgA protease polysaccharide capsule |
|
|
CNS injury in N meningitis is due to
|
inflammatory response with TNF predominating triggered by endotoxin
|
|
|
DIC and hypotension in meningococcemia caused by
|
endotoxin
note petechiae and purpura |
|
|
Adrenal disorder associated with N meningitis
|
Waterhouse-Friderichsen resulting in profound shock
|
|
|
DoC for N meningitidis
|
Penicillin G or Ceftriaxone
|
|
|
Vaccine for N menigitis NOT affective versus what capsular serogroup
|
B
|
|
|
MCC newborn meningitis
|
Group B Strep
|
|
|
Morphology of Group B Strep
|
B-hemolytic Group B = S aglacticae
Gram + cocci in chains Catalase (-) Complete Hemolysis Bacitracin resistant** CAMP +** Glistening white colonies with narrow b-hemolytic zone on sheep BLOOD agar B for Babies! |
|
|
Capsular subtype of Group B strep associated with invasive infections of newborns
|
Type III
|
|
|
Increased risk factors for Group B meningitis
|
Premature <37 weeks
Early membrane rupture (<37 weeks or >18 hours before birth) High inoculum Deficient materal ABs |
|
|
3 results of Group B
|
Sepsis
Pneumonia Meningitis |
|
|
Major virulence factor of Group B
|
Type III capsule
|
|
|
Treatment of Group B meningitis
|
Ampicillin or Penicillin G
|
|
|
Prophylactic treatment of women with high titers
|
Ampicillin or Penicillin G
|
|
|
Pneumonic for facultative intracellular organisms
|
LISTen SALly YER FRiend BRUCe Must Leave
Listeria, Salmonella (typhi), Yersenia, Francisella tularenis, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Legionella |
|
|
MCC meningitis 60+
|
S pneumoniae
Listeria Gram- rods |
|
|
Morphology of Listeria monocytogenes
|
Gram (+) rod
nonspore forming Facultative anaerobe* narrow B-hemolytic zone cold culture growth* Tumbling motility* |
|
|
L monocytogenes is typically a _____ illness in adults and ______ in newborns
|
food-borne in adults
meningitis in newborns |
|
|
Major risk groups for L monocytogenes (5)
|
Pregnant women
Elderly Neonates Fetuses Immunocompromised |
|
|
Common transmission of L monocytogenes
|
Processed meat and dairy products (soft cheeses)
animal and soil reservoirs |
|
|
Why does immunocompromisation predispose to Listeria
|
Intracellular pathogen, survives without cell-mediated immunity
|
|
|
All virulent strains of L monocytogenes produce ____ _ and ______, which permit the bacteria to escape from phagosomes into cytoplasm where they rapidly multiple
|
Listeriolysin O (B-hemolysin)
Phospholipases |
|
|
Mode of cell to cell transmission of Listeria
|
Actin "Tails"/"Rockets"
|
|
|
L monocytogenes is typically a _____ illness in adults and ______ in newborns
|
food-borne in adults
meningitis in newborns |
|
|
Treatment of L monocytogenes
|
Ampicillin + Aminoglycoside (gentamicin)
|
|
|
Major risk groups for L monocytogenes (5)
|
Pregnant women
Elderly Neonates Fetuses Immunocompromised |
|
|
(+)ssRNA viruses
which do not have an envelope? |
Retrovirus
Togavirus Flavivirus Coronavirus Hepevirus (hepA) Calicivirus Picornavirus Picorna and Calici are naked I went to a RETRO TOGA party and drank FLAVored CORONAs while eating Hippy CALIfornian PICkles |
|
|
Common transmission of L monocytogenes
|
Processed meat and dairy products (soft cheeses)
animal and soil reservoirs |
|
|
Picornaviruses (list)
|
Poliovirus
Echovirus Rhinovirus Coxasackie A/B HepA PERCH on a Peak (PIC) majority are enteroviruses except rhino |
|
|
Why does immunocompromisation predispose to Listeria
|
Intracellular pathogen, survives without cell-mediated immunity
|
|
|
Echovirus causes
|
meningitis
|
|
|
All virulent strains of L monocytogenes produce ____ _ and ______, which permit the bacteria to escape from phagosomes into cytoplasm where they rapidly multiple
|
Listeriolysin O (B-hemolysin)
Phospholipases |
|
|
Mode of cell to cell transmission of Listeria
|
Actin "Tails"/"Rockets"
|
|
|
Treatment of L monocytogenes
|
Ampicillin + Aminoglycoside (gentamicin)
|
|
|
(+)ssRNA viruses
which do not have an envelope? |
Retrovirus
Togavirus Flavivirus Coronavirus Hepevirus (hepA) Calicivirus Picornavirus Picorna and Calici are naked I went to a RETRO TOGA party and drank FLAVored CORONAs while eating Hippy CALIfornian PICkles |
|
|
Picornaviruses (list)
|
Poliovirus
Echovirus Rhinovirus Coxasackie A/B HepA PERCH on a Peak (PIC) majority are enteroviruses except rhino |
|
|
Echovirus causes
|
meningitis
|
|
|
Rhinovirus causes
|
Common cold
|
|
|
Coxasackie A/B causes (general)
|
Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Hand-foot-mouth disease Aseptic meningitis Myopericarditis |
|
|
onset of meningitis with photophobia in a large group children (9 to 15) of persons in August with preceding diarrhea
|
Likely Viral, enteroviruses (picornaviridae)
|
|
|
Viral meningitis should be considered when an outbreak occurs in the ____ months, especially in individuals <__ years old
|
15
|
|
|
Morphology of Echovirus
|
Picornavirus → +ssRNA nonenveloped
20-30nm ether resistant with cubic symmetry |
|
|
Coxsackie A variant causing Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
|
24
|
|
|
Coxsackie A variants causing hand-foot-mouth
|
5,10,16
|
|
|
Coxasackie A variants causing aseptic meningitis
|
1,2,4-7,9,10,14,16,22
|
|
|
Coxasackie A variants causing myopericarditis
|
4,16
|
|
|
Coxasackie B variants causing pleurodynia
|
1-5
|
|
|
Coxasackie B variants causing Pericarditis, myocarditis
|
1-5
|
|
|
Coxasackie B variants causing Aseptic meningitis
|
1-6
|
|
|
Coxasackie B variants causing Exanthem, hepatitis, diarrhea
|
5
|
|
|
Coxackie B variants causing severe systemic infection in animals, meningoencephalitis and myocarditis
|
1-5
|
|
|
Enteroviruses are ___ stable and have a ___ density
|
acid stable, low density
|
|
|
Aseptic viral meningitis occurs both sporadically and in outbreaks, greater than __% of cases with identified causes are associated with enteroviruses
|
90%
|
|
|
RoT for enteroviruses?
|
feco-oral
|
|
|
Viral multiplication takes place in the ___ or ____, virus can be seen in blood/csf in _ to _ days
|
mouth of SI
3 to 5 days |
|
|
61 year old homeless man presents with viral meningitis during a hot mosquito heavy summer
likely virus types? |
Arboviruses
Bunyavirus (-)ssRNA enveloped Flavivirus (+)ssRNA enveloped Togavirus (+)ssRNA enveloped |
|
|
Flavivirus subtypes
|
Yellow
Dengue STL Japanesse |
|
|
Coxasackie B variants causing Pericarditis, myocarditis
|
1-5
|
|
|
Coxasackie B variants causing Aseptic meningitis
|
1-6
|
|
|
Coxasackie B variants causing Exanthem, hepatitis, diarrhea
|
5
|
|
|
Coxackie B variants causing severe systemic infection in animals, meningoencephalitis and myocarditis
|
1-5
|
|
|
Enteroviruses are ___ stable and have a ___ density
|
acid stable, low density
|
|
|
Aseptic viral meningitis occurs both sporadically and in outbreaks, greater than __% of cases with identified causes are associated with enteroviruses
|
90%
|
|
|
RoT for enteroviruses?
|
feco-oral
|
|
|
Viral multiplication takes place in the ___ or ____, virus can be seen in blood/csf in _ to _ days
|
mouth of SI
3 to 5 days |
|
|
61 year old homeless man presents with viral meningitis during a hot mosquito heavy summer
likely virus types? |
Arboviruses
Bunyavirus (-)ssRNA enveloped Flavivirus (+)ssRNA enveloped Togavirus (+)ssRNA enveloped |
|
|
Flavivirus subtypes
|
Yellow
Dengue STL Japanesse also HCV (not an arbovirus) |
|
|
Togavirus subtypes
|
WEE
EEE VEE |
|
|
Bunyavirus subtypes
|
Calfornia
Sandfly/Rift Valley Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (also Hanta), not an arbovirus |
|
|
CSF for arboviral encephalitis
|
↑lymphocytes
normal protein normal glucose |
|
|
key to suspecting viral meningitis
|
altered mental status
|
|
|
Bunyaviridae morphology
|
*(-)ssRNA enveloped triple segmented circular*
80 to 120 nm spherical/pleomorphic |
|
|
Togaviridae morphology
|
(+)ssRNA enveloped
45 to 60 nm |
|
|
Flavividae morphology
|
(+)ssRNA enveloped
45 to 60 nm |
|
|
Arboviruses usually exist in ____ habitats during the ____ months. Vector can also use trash and containers
|
woodland
summer |
|
|
____ ____ is the vector for STL in western and central US, ___ ____ is the vector for eastern and central US
|
Culex Tarsalis for western/central
Culex pipiens for eastern/central |
|
|
Arboviruses first replicate in ____ cells, inducing a primary viremia
|
endothelial
|
|
|
Damage to the brain or cerebellar tissues in arboviral encephalitis is due largely to _____ involvement, because of complement activation processes
|
Vascular (leading to DIC)
|
|
|
Diagnosis of Arboviral Encephalitis
|
4x increase in IgG titer between acute and convalescent
|
|
|
Suspected viral meningitis with loss of arm/leg strength (unilateral usually)
|
Think HSV which causes hemorrhage in temporal lobes
|
|
|
Herpes Family Viruses morphology + members
|
ds linear icosahedral enveloped DNA viruses
HSV1/2 (alpha) VZV (alpha) EBV (gamma) CMV (gamma) HHV6 (Roseola) HHV8 (kaposi's) |
|
|
3 characteristics common to Herpes Family
|
Latent Phases
Cell Mediated immunity is essential Alpha family form giant cells with inclusions bodies and blisters |
|
|
_____ is the characteristic feature of all herpesviruses
|
latency
|
|
|
Recurrent __ ___ is the most frequent clinicla manifestation of HSV-1 infection in young adults
|
Herpes labialis
|
|
|
4 Common diseases of HSV1
|
Gingivostomatitis (painful swollen gums)
Keratoconjunctivitis (MCC Corneal Blindness) Temporal Lobe Encephalitis Herpes Labialis |
|
|
anatomic location of HSV1 latency
|
Trigeminal ganglia
|
|
|
The most sensitive method for diagnosis of HSV encephalitis is
|
PCR HSV DNA in CSF
|
|
|
Tx HSV
|
Acyclovir
|
|
|
Recent immigrant from mexico with frequent headaches beginning a few weeks ago now presenting with generalized seizures
|
Taenia Solium (Neurocystercicosis)
|
|
|
CT scans of neurocystercicosis revealed
|
Intracranial calcified cysts
|
|
|
Blood finding in neurocystercicosis
|
Elevated eosinophils
|
|
|
Describe the components of the adult pork tapeworm
|
Scolex head with suckers or grooves which attach to SI wall
Proglottids Scolex → immature proglottids → mature proglottids (male/female) → Gravid Proglottids (fertilized eggs) infection occurs with ingestion of eggs not larvae |
|
|
____ are the intermediate hosts for T solium
|
pigs
|
|
|
Cause of seizures in Neurocystercicosis?
|
mass effect of the larval cyst on the brain parenchyma
MRI to visualize IgG to confirm |
|
|
Treatment of Neurocysticercosis
|
If controllable seizures, no medications
If severe, praziquantel or albendazole |
|
|
List some common presentations of Rabies
|
Hydrophobia
Hypersensitivity Hallucinations Hypersalivation Agitation |
|
|
Characteristic histological finding in Rabies
|
eosinophilic intracytoplasmic masses
Negri Bodies |
|
|
Family of rabies virus?
|
Rhabdovirus
member of (-)ssRNA enveloped Old Pete's RABID dog FILO fights BUNYAN in the ARENA Orthomyxo Paramyxo Rhabo Filo Bunyan Arena |
|
|
morphology of Rhabdoviridae
|
BULLET Shaped
(-)ssRNA enveloped knob-like structures on envelope |
|
|
incubation period for rabies is usually _ to _ weeks
|
3 to 8
|
|
|
Rabies multiples _____, budding from cells not lysing them
|
locally
|
|
|
Rabies viral glycoproteins bind to _____ receptors contributing to their neurovirulence
|
Acetylcholine
|
|
|
Once in the brain rabies virus replicates exclusively within the ___ matter
most frequently in the _____ and ____ cells |
grey
pyramidal cells purkinje cells of the cerebellum |
|
|
Brain damage in rabies is caused by
|
CTL response (rabies virus itself does not have cytopathic effect)
|
|
|
rabies travels via retrograde transport using the _____ systen
|
dyenin
|
|
|
MCC death in Rabies
|
Respiratory center dysfunction
|
|
|
approved vaccine for rabies
|
HDCV
Human Diploid cell rabies vaccine |
|
|
3 step postexposure prophylaxis
|
1 - treat and clean bite wound
2 - passive immunity with rabies antiserum (rabies Immunoglobulin) 3 - HDCV |
|
|
rabies vaccine is a _____ vaccine
|
Killed vaccine
RIP Always Rabies Influenza salk Polio hAv |
|
|
newborn presents with lock jaw and foul smelling discharge from open wound
|
Clostridium tetani
|
|
|
Trismus
|
lockjaw
|
|
|
opisthotonus
|
rigidity with arching of back in tetanus
|
|
|
risus saroloncus
|
Grotesque grin of tetanus
|
|
|
morphology of C tetani
|
Gram (+) rod, spore forming obligate anaerobe producing tetanospasmin exotoxin
|
|
|
Tetanospasmin is a __-dependent endopeptidase which inhibits ____ and ____ neurotransmitters, resulting in a loss of inhibition and muscle rigidity
|
Zn-dependent endopeptidase
blocks release of GABA and Glycine resulting in uninhibited motor neurons and catecholamines |
|
|
MCC death in Tetanus
|
Respiratory failure due to chest muscle collapse
|
|
|
What cells are specifically effected in SC in tetanus
|
Renshaw cells (Interneurons) of SC
|
|
|
DPT vaccine regimen
|
2,4,6, and 18 month shots
booster before school (4-6 years) boosters every 10 years |
|
|
Treatment of Tetanus (symptomatic)
|
Intubation
Benzos/B-blockers Passive Imm w HTIG Active Imm - Tetanus toxoid booster *Metronidazole |
|
|
If patient exposed to tetanus with expired vaccine →
|
HTIG + booster
|
|
|
Flavivirus morphology
|
40 to 60nm (+)ssRNA enveloped
|
|
|
Vector for WNV?
|
Culex
|
|
|
Arthropod virus pneumonic
|
Mosquitoes like the FLAVor of paul BUNYAns TOGA. Toga drapes over his equine
Toga - EEE WEE VEE Flavi - WNV, Dengue (severe pain pain), yellow (jaundice, hepatitis), HCV |
|
|
Culex is the vector for which arthropod encephalitis
|
STL
Japanesse WNV |
|
|
Aedes is vector for
|
Yellow
Dengue |
|
|
Where does WNV replication occur
|
Vascular endothelium
Reticuloendothelial system |
|
|
Brain pathology of WNV reveals scattered ______ nodules and ______ inflammatory infiltrates
|
scattered microglial nodules
perivascular inflammatory infiltrates |
|
|
Laboratory diagnosis of WNV is achieved with measurement of ____ in the blood, normally positive ___ days after onset of symptoms
|
IgM in blood OR CSF
8 days (dx via PCR or IgM/IgG or IgM in CSF or 4x↑titer) |
|
|
Rapid dementia with myoclonus
|
CJD
|
|
|
ddx sCJD versus vcCJD
|
only sCJD has periodic sharp/slow EEG findings
|
|
|
Fundamental concept (mutation) in Prion Disease
|
mutation of PrPc to PrPsc causing change from alpha-helix to B-sheet
|
|
|
Classic CJD forms
|
Sporadic (most common, unknown source)
Familial Acquired |
|
|
Iatrogenic CJD is associated with -
|
Corneal Transplant
Contaminated Growth Hormone or pituitary gonadotropin |
|
|
mean age of nvCJD
|
28
|
|
|
Immune involvement in CJD
|
no immune involvement
loss of neurons and intracytoplasmic vacuolation swelling of neuronal/astroglial processes |
|
|
Diagnosis/monitoring of Prion Diseases
|
Western Blot
14-3-3 protein |
|
|
Sterilization procedures for CJD
|
autoclaving for 4.5 hours at 121C or
immersion in 1N NaOH 30minx3 @ room temp |
|
|
Scrapie
|
Goats/sheep
|
|
|
Kuru
|
New Guinea cannibalism
|
|
|
Gerstman-Straussler Syndrome
|
Germline mutation in PrP gene
|
|
|
Fatal Familial Insomnia
|
mutation in codon 178 of the PrP gene
|
|
|
likely cause of nvCJD
|
ingestion of tainted meat
|
|
|
Cause of aseptic meningitis in men with exposure to rodents
|
leptospira interrogans
|
|
|
cause of aseptic meningitis with hx of tick bite and erythema migrans
|
Borrelia burgdorferi
|
|
|
cause of fever, headache, photophobia, meningismus, in pts w solid organ transplant, malignnacy, corticosteroid use. CSF shows bacterial
|
listeria monocytogenes
|
|
|
How does listeria monocytogenes differ from ß hemolytic bacteria
|
Gram+ rods
tumbling motility |
|
|
cause of meningoencephalitis after a hx of respiratory illness after travel to SW USA
|
coccidiodes immitis
|
|
|
test to confirm HSV encephalitis
|
PCR
|
|
|
cause of fever, cognitive deficits, focal neurological signs, seizures, abnormal mental status with ataxia, hemiparesis in a patient with AIDs
|
JC Virus > HHV6
|
|
|
hx of fever, cognitive deficits, focal neurological signs, seizures in a pt w AIDs (CD4 <50)
MRI with ring enhancement in BG |
Toxoplasma encephalitis
|
|
|
HIV infected pt with TE should recieve
|
TMP-SMX + Leucorvin
|
|
|
hx of rigidity, muscle spasm, autonomic dysfunction. trismus due to masseter spasm in infant w umbilical stump infection
neurotoxin interferes w |
GABA and glycine
|
|
|
Cause of aseptic meningitis in men with exposure to rodents
|
leptospira interrogans
|
|
|
cause of aseptic meningitis with hx of tick bite and erythema migrans
|
Borrelia burgdorferi
|
|
|
cause of fever, headache, photophobia, meningismus, in pts w solid organ transplant, malignnacy, corticosteroid use. CSF shows bacterial
|
listeria monocytogenes
|
|
|
How does listeria monocytogenes differ from ß hemolytic bacteria
|
Gram+ rods
tumbling motility |
|
|
cause of meningoencephalitis after a hx of respiratory illness after travel to SW USA
|
coccidiodes immitis
|
|
|
test to confirm HSV encephalitis
|
PCR
|
|
|
cause of fever, cognitive deficits, focal neurological signs, seizures, abnormal mental status with ataxia, hemiparesis in a patient with AIDs
|
JC Virus > HHV6
|
|
|
hx of fever, cognitive deficits, focal neurological signs, seizures in a pt w AIDs (CD4 <50)
MRI with ring enhancement in BG |
Toxoplasma encephalitis
|
|
|
HIV infected pt with TE should recieve
|
TMP-SMX + Leucorvin
|
|
|
hx of rigidity, muscle spasm, autonomic dysfunction. trismus due to masseter spasm in infant w umbilical stump infection
neurotoxin interferes w |
GABA and glycine
|
