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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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total genetic info in a bacterial cell; includes nuclear and plasmid DNA
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genome
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the genetic material in bacteria organized into groups of structural genes that encode for proteins; conatrolled by operator genes regulating expression of genes
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operon
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basic unit of inheritance; sequence of base nucleotides encoding for a polypeptide/protein
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cistron/gene
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triplet of nucleotie bases that encode for a specific amino acid
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codon
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genetic potential of an organism
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genome
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genetic chareacteristics expressed under specific environmental influences
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phenotype
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random change in the sequence of nucleotide bases that comprise the gens of a cell
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mutation
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existing base in a DNA molecule substituted with another base; results in an altered protein product
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base-substitutions
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base substitution results in a new amino acid substituted for an existing AA in a protein
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mis-sense
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results when terminatino codons are substituted for codons encoding for AA; act as punctuation mark
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nonsense
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shift the normal reading frame of the codons in the DNA molecule; result when a base is deleted from DNA or inserted into molecule
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frame-shift mutations
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back mutations that correct an initial mutation
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reversions
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fragment the DNA molecule by breaking the phosphate bonds b/w the deoxy-ribnose sugars in nucleotide bases
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x-rays, gamma rays
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causes thymine dimers; occur when covalent bonds form on adjacent thymine bases
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UV light
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agents chemically modifying nucleotide bases resulting in base mis-pairings
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chemical mutagens
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example of a chemical mutagen; remove an AA greoup and modify for covalent bnonding
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nitrates
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chemical mutagen; add OH group to cytosine
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hydroxyl amines
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compunds that look like normal nucleotide bases; sub for the normal bases in replication; prevent formation of intact DNA
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nucleotide base analogues
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used in tratment of herpes viruses
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acyclovir
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used in treatment of aids
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AZT - azidothymine
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exchange genetic material
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sex
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uptake and insertion of naked DNA
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transformation
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mating and exchange of DNA by mating types
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conjugation
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DNA is carried by a virus from one cell to another
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transduction
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transfer nuclear DNA
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fertility factors
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antibiotic resistance plasmids; encode for enzymes that modify or destroy antibiotics
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R factors
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encode for col factors or killer proteins that are released by one strain of E coli against another strain
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col plasmids
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encode for enzymes that degrade aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene, important in oil spills
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degradative plasmids
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insect toxin encoded by plasmid
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parasporal proteins
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human insuline produced in E coli and S cerevisiae
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humulin
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rod shaped; nucleic acid surroudned by capsomers, viral structure
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helical viruses
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viral structue - capside forms an icosahedron or a 20 sided figure, polio virus
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polyhedral viruses
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attaches to neuraminic acid associated with respiratory cells, enzimes destroy this compound causing cell damage
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neuraminidase
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bactieral viruses
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bacteriophage
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lytic cylce steps 7
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-recognition and absorption of virus
-penetration -uncoating -synthsis of viral nucleic acid -synthesis of components -assembly of viron -release of mature virons |
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transfer of genetic material by lytic viruses
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generalized transduction
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lysogenic virus altering the genetic potential of a host cell b/c of carying new genetic info
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lysogenic conversion
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causes kanker sors of the mouth, induced by hormons, uv light,k stress, some foods
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herpes type I
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infects nerve cells in the urogenital system, causes genital herpes
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herpes type II
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causes chicken pox in childen and shingles in a adults
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herpes zoster
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when some animal =viruses infect cell, they transform the cell in to a cancer or oncogenic cell
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transforming or oncogenic viruses
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prevents AIDS from maturing
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protease inhibitors
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first virus shown to cause tumors in animal
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Rous sarcoma virus
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causes Burkitts lymphoma in african populations and infectous mono in the US
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Epstein-Barr virus
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naked RNA molecules that cause viral-like symptoms in plants, not in animals
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viroids
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Kuru
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new guinea natives
cuased by prions wasting disease from damage to the CNS |
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Scrapie
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spongioform encephatlitis in sheep
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
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spongiosporm encephalitis in humans; sypmptoms =similar to other forms of the disease
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