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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metabolism
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The total of all reactions going on inside the cell, including 2 opposite but simultaneous processes: anabolism and catabolism
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Anabolism
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Involves building things up in biosynthetic pathways
Requires input of energy that was provided by catabolism |
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Catabolism
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Involves breaking down molecules in hydrolytic pathways
Releases output of energy that be used later by anabolism |
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Redox reactions
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Involves 2 molecules where one is oxidized and the other is reduced as they exchange electrons/protons
Every oxidation is accompanies by a reduction |
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What percentage of energy is required for protein synthesis?
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Bacteria uses over 56% of the energy in the bacterial cell
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What are the three reactions the bacterial cell requires a lot of energy for?
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Protein synthesis - 56%
Active transport - 15% Synthesis of RNA - 13% |
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Glycolysis
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Anaerobic pathway
1 6-carbon glucose produces 2 3-carbon pyruvates NAD+ gets reduced to NADH Substrate Level Phosphorylation 2 ATP consumed 4 ATP produced 2 ATP NET Glycolysis ends when pyruvate is formed |
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TCA Cycle
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AKA Kreb Cycle / Citric Acid Cycle
Aerobic Pathway Oxidative decarboxylation 1 Pyruvate --> 3 CO2 H atoms form and enter ETC |
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Electron transport chain
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H+ from Kreb Cycle enters ETC
Oxidative phosphorylation Chain produces 3 ATP per electron Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic bacteria Nitrate/Sulfate/Carbonate are final electron acceptors in anaerobic bacteria Water is the end-product in aerobic bacteria Nitrite/Sulfide/Methane are end products in anaerobic bacteria |
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What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC in aerobic bacteria
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Oxygen
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What is the final electron acceptor in ETC in anaerobic bacteria?
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Could be nitrate, sulfate or carbonate
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What is the end product of ETC in aerobic bacteria?
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Water
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What is the end product of ETC in anaerobic bactera?
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Nitrite, Sulfide, Methane
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What is the net yield of ATP for bacteria at the end of ETC
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38 ATP
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
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ETC
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Where does substrate level phosphorylation occur?
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In the cytoplasm under glycolysis
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Where does oxidative carboxylation occur?
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In the TCA cycle
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Facultative anaerobes
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Oxygen classification of bacteria
They can survive with or without oxygen Ex: E-coil, Streptococci spp. |
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Obligate Anaerobes
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Oxygen classification of bacteria
Requires complete absence of oxygen for survival Ex: Clostridium spp. |
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Obligate Aerobes
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Oxygen classification of bacteria
Requires oxygen for survival Ex: Bacillus and Mycobacterium spp. |
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Which to Oxygen classification of bacteria do most of the bacterium in our mouth fall under?
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Facultative anaerobes
& Obligate Anaerobes |
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Microaerophilic
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Oxygen classification of bacteria
Requires a reduced level of oxygen in the air (5%) Ex: Camphilobacter spp. |
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Capnophilic
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Oxygen classification of bacteria
Require or are enhanced by carbon dioxide in the air |
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Why are anaerobic bacteria killed by exposure to oxygen
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Because they don't have the same enzymes that aerobes have to neutralize toxic oxidizing agents that may accumulate inside the cell when exposed to oxygen
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What is produced during the reduction of oxygen?
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Superoxide anion radical
Hydrogen peroxide If left to accumulate, they can damage DnA and proteins |
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Superoxide Dismutase
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Enzyme that neutralizes oxygen radicals into oxygen and water
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Catalase enzyme
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Neutralizes hydrogen peroxide back into oxygen and water
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What enzymes do aerobic bacteria have to neutralize toxic oxygen radicals that anaerobic bacteria don't have?
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Superoxide Dismutase
Catalase |
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Which reaction involves an organic compound as the final electron acceptor?
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Fermentation
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Which reaction involves an inorganic compound as the final electron acceptor?
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Respiration
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What regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis?
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Fermentation oxidizes NADH+ to NAD+ to drive glycolysis
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Lactic acid fermentation
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Pyruvate --> Lactic acid end product
Performed by Strep mutans. Leads to demineralization of enamel Require: Lactate Dehydrogenase enzyme NADH+ co-factor |
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Homolactofermentation
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Refers to when bacteria can directly convert to nearly 100% lactic acid end product
Ex: Strep spp |
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Heterolactofermentation
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Refers to when bacteria convert to lactic acid plus lots of other different kinds of acid end-products
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Alcoholic fermentation
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Pyruvate --> Acetaldehyde --> Ethanol end product
Performed by yeast Requires: Pyruvate decarboxylase enzyme Alcohol Dehydrogenase NADH+ co-factor |
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What is the end product of Alcohol fermentation? What is the electron acceptor?
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Ethanol
Acetaldehyde |
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What is the end product of Lactic acid fermentation? What is the electron acceptor?
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Lactic acid
Pyruvate |
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Mixed acid fermentation
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Pyruvate --> variety of multiple acid end products
Ex: E-coli converts pyruvate to formic acid |
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Butylene glycol fermentation
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Pyruvic acid --> acetolactic acid --> acetoin --> 2,3 butylene glycol
Voges-Proskauer test can probe for Acetoin to indicate that bacteria is enterobacter |
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Voges-Proskauer test
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Probes for Acetoin
Positive for Acetoin indicates bacteria is enterobacter Negative for Acetoin indicates bacteria is E-coli |
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Psychrophiles
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Temperature classification of bacteria
Grow optimally in cold temperatures around 4*C |
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Mesophiles
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Temperature classification of bacteria
These bacteria grow optimally in an environment of 37*C (body temp) These are pathogens that commonly cause disease |
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Thermophiles
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Temperature classification of bacteria
Bacteria that grow optimally in hotter environments above 50* C |
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Prototrophs
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AKA wildtype
Media classification of bacteria Bacterial growth only requires simple media/minimal media containing only glucose and 5 salts |
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Auxotrophs
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Media classification of bacteria
Bacterial growth requires some kind of additional nutritional supplement in the media |
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How is glycerol brought into the cell
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Faciliated diffusion
Permease transporter No energy used |
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How is lactose brought into the cell
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Through proton gradient-energized active transport
Requires proton gradient generated from ETC to drive its movement Uses Lactose Permease transporter Transport is shock insensitive because transporter is found on inner membrane |
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Proton gradient energized active transport
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Active transport of lactose
Requires proton gradient in periplasmic space generated by ETS to drive its movement Uses Lactose permease transporter Shock insensitive |
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ATP dependent active transport
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Active transport of galactose
Requires ATP energy Uses galatose binding protein to transport Shock sensitive because transport found on outer membrane |
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How is galactose brought into the cell
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Through ATP dependent active transport
Uses galatose binding protein transporter transport is shock sensitive because transporter is found on outer membrane |
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How is glucose brought into the cell?
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Though group translocation using Phosphoenolpyruvate transferase system
Glucose binds to EnzymeII in inner cell membrane Once in the cell it transfers to EnzymeI Then HPRP attaches a phosphate on to it Only 1 ATP is used in both transport into the cell and phosphorylating glucose for glycolysis |
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When is Enzyme II induced?
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Onl when sucrose is present because there is no need for enzymes if sucrose is not in environment
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What are teh stages of peptidoglycan synthesis
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Cytoplasmic stage
Membrane associated stage Outside the cell |
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Cytoplasmic stage of PTG synthesis
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Involves intracellular synthesis of all the component parts of PTG
What are assembled are: Glu-Nac Mur-Nac Pentapeptide Pentaglycine cross-bridge |
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What things are made and pre-assembled inside the cell during PTG synthesis.
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Glu-Nac
Mur-Nac Pentapeptide Pentaglycine cross-bridge |
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Membrane Stage of PTG synthesis
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Involves Bactoprenol carrier to bring those component parts across the cell membrane
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Extracellular Stage of PTG synthesis
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Involves extracellularly assembly of all the component parts to form PTG
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How do the components of PTG assemble together?
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Glu-Nac attaches to Mur-Nad which attaches to pentapeptide which attaches to pentaglycine bridge
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How do the new PTG strands attach to pre-existing old PTG strands already on the cell wall
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D-alanine in the #5 position of the pentapeptide breaks off
Energy from breaking of the bond is used in transpeptidation to make a new bond between adjacent PTG strands #4 alanine binds to #3 DAP/lysine |
