Micro 4 Ex 2

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Adenovirus clasification

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Icosahedral nucleocapsid->Non enveloped->dsDNA linear

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Adenovirus has tropism for

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Epithelia of lung and gut, lymphoid tissues

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Adenovirus replication

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Virus recognizes CAB receptor. Binds via hemagluttinin and enters and lyses mucosal cells of upper resp tract, conjunctiva, bladder, GI in young children (non bloody diarrhea)-Respiratory, gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis and cystitis

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Adenoiviruses use for replication

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viral DNA polymerase in nucleus

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Adenoviruses transcription pattern

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5 major earlier promoters. Late promoter produces a whole bunch of proteins. E1A binds retinoblastoma tumor suppresor to allow production of viral genome by the cell host goes into s phase. E1B binds p53.

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Immunocompromised patients infected with adenovirus have a greater risk of

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developing systemic problems like meningitis and hepatitis.

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Adenovirus shedding can occur when

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serotypes are capable of establishing persistent asymptomatic infections in tonsils, adenoids, and intestines of infected hosts, and shedding can occur for months or years

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Adenoviruses transmitted by

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by direct contact, fecal-oral transmission, and occasionally waterborne transmission

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Epidemics of febrile disease caused by adenovirus with conjunctivitis are associated with

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inadequately chlorinated swimming pools and small lakes

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Adenoviruses outbreaks occur more in

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the late winter, spring, and early summer; however, adenovirus infections can occur throughout the year

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Diagnosis of Human Adenovirus Infection

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ELISA for viral antigens
Viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction assay
Virus isolation can be performed (but not for enteric Ad serotypes 40-42)

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adenoviruses 40 and 41 cause

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gastroenteritis, usually in children

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Because there is no virus-specific therapy, serious adenovirus illness can be managed only by

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treating symptoms and complications of the infection

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Adenovirus in Neonates and Immunosuppressed Patients

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Fulminant hepatitis
Pneumonia
Encephalitis

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adenovirus types 4 and 7 in the United States cause

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Acute respiratory disease (ARD)

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only for preventing ARD among military recruits

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Vaccines were developed for adenovirus serotypes 4 and 7

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Prevention of Human Adenovirus infection

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Strict attention to good infection-control practices is effective for stopping nosocomial outbreaks of adenovirus-associated disease, such as epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
Maintaining adequate levels of chlorination is necessary for preventing swimming pool-associated outbreaks of adenovirus conjunctivitis.

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Parvoviruses general concepts

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This causes spontaneous abortion. Normal people can clear it up. This virus mimicks rubella.

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Parvovirus B19)

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infects erythrocytes only B19 in man It cant drive cells to go into S phase so it infects cells that are replicating. It spreads through the blood and ends up infecting erythrocyte precursors in the bone marrow.

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Parvovirus B19 Genome

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ssDNA, inverted terminal repeats (ITR)
Non enveloped

NS gene required for viral gene expression and/or DNA replication

VP1 and 2 encode capsid proteins

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Parvovirus B19 replication

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Inoculates Nasal cavity
Causes Viremia and fever
Infection and lyses of erythroid precursor cells in bone marrow
Immune complexes form and deposit
Erythema infectiosum rash:Slapped cheek

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Parvovirus B19 symptoms

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fever (nonspecific flulike symptoms – sore throat, chills, malaise)
arthralgia (joint pain - adults)
polyarthritis (in adults, which can last for weeks or longer)
myalgia (muscle pain)
slightly decreased hemoglobin levels

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Patients with chronic hemolytic anemia (sickle cell, thalasemia), parvovirus b19 can lead to

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transient aplastic crisis; severe reticulocytopenia

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Parvovirus mostly happens in

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in children and adolescents ages 4-15 years of age

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Parvoviruses B19 occurs mostly when

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late winter and spring

Transmission via respiratory droplets and oral secretions

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Diagnosis of Human Parvovirus B19

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Clinical presentation
ELISA for B19 antigen specific IgM (and IgG)
Viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction assay (i.e. distinguish from rubella in pregnant women)
Virus isolation not performed

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Treatment of Human Parvovirus B19

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No specific treatment or control generally required
Passive immune globulin therapy for chronic or persistent B19 infections

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Papillomavirus characteristics

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Icosahedral nucleocapsid
Non enveloped
DS circular

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Papillomavirus codes for

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: 7-8 early polypeptides (E1-E8), 2 late or structural capsid proteins - L1 and L2

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For replication Papillomavirus uses

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host replication machinery in nucleus

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Papillomavirus has Tropism for

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Stratified squamous epithelium of skin and mucous membranes

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Papillomavirus Disease

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: Induces epithelial proliferation, wart, benign and malignant tumors (e.g cervical carcinoma

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How does Papillomavirus reproduces in the skin?

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It causes cells to proliferate and switches genome profile as it goes from basal layer to cornified layer of the epithelium. This virus infects basal layers, so virus gets here by injury. P97 is very active E 6 AND 7 are spliced. E6 binds to P53. E7 binds to PRB. So their expression drives cell into S cycle. So basal layer that was already proliferating, it starts to even more proliferation. P670 is activated in the superbasal layer to turn on E1- E 5 . In granular layer layer, p670? is off and viral molecules are produeced and host cells are killed.

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Papillomavirus clinical manifestations

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Symptom
none

Signs
warts
positive PAP smear

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What are the Papillomavirus serotypes that cause genital mucosa cancer

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HPV 16, 18 and 31

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Disease states associated with Papillomavirus infection

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Warts
Head and neck tumors
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Cervical cancer

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Epidemiologic features of Human Papillomaviruses

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HPV resists inactivation
Asymptomatic shedding may promote transmission
HPV acquired through small breaks in skin or mucosa
Commonly transmitted via sex and at birth to child
HPV present in 99.7% of cervical cancers

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Prevention of Human Papillomavirus infection

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Vaccine against high risk genotypes
Avoid direct contact with infected tissue
Condoms during sex

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Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus

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Clinical presentation – confirm microscopically
PAP smear
Viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction assay
Virus isolation not performed

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Treatment of Human Papilomavirus

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Surgical cryotheraphy
Electrocautery
Immunomodulation (interferon, immiquomod)
Topical treatments (e.g. salicylic acid, podophyllin)
Vaccine (Gardasil v. HPV6, 11, 16 and 18/ Cervarix v. HPV16 and 18)

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hpv l1 vaccine making

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Take L1 gene on HPV capsulse grow it on yeast and the capsid forms, then inject the empty viral capsid to create protection