Micro #4

Front 1

Microbial control methods that kill _____ are able to sterilize.

Back 1

endospores

Front 2

Sanitization is a process by which

Back 2

the microbial load on objects is reduced

Front 3

An example of an agent that lowers the surface tension of cells is

Back 3

alchohol

Front 4

High temps ___, and low temps ____

Back 4

High temps KILL CELLS and low temps INHIBIT CELL GROWTH

Front 5

Microbe(s) that is/are the targets of pasteurization include

Back 5

Mycobacterium and Salmonella (Both b and c)

Front 6

The primary mode of action of nonionizing radiation is to

Back 6

make pyrimidine dimers

Front 7

The most versatile method of sterilizing heat-seneitive liquids is

Back 7

filtration

Front 8

A Chemical with sporicidal properties is

Back 8

glutaraldehyde

Front 9

Sliver nitrate is used

Back 9

in antisepsis of burns

Front 10

Detergents are

Back 10

low-level germicides

Front 11

A compound synthesized by bacteria of fungi that destroys or inhibits the growth of other microbes is a/an

Back 11

antibiotic

Front 12

Which statement is NOT an aim in the use of drugs in antimicrobial chemotherapy? The drug should

Back 12

be broken down and excreated rapidly

Front 13

Drugs that prevent the formation of the bacterial cell wall are

Back 13

beta-lactams

Front 14

Microbial resistance to drugs is acquired through

Back 14

conjunction, transformation, transduction
(d all of these)

Front 15

R factors are ___ that contain a code for ____

Back 15

Plamids, drug resistance

Front 16

Phage therapy is a technique that uses

Back 16

phages to target pathogenic bacteria in the body

Front 17

Most antihelminthic drugs function by

Back 17

weakening the worms so they can be flushed out by the intestine
Inhibiting worm metabolism

Front 18

Which of the following modes of action would be most selectivley toxic?

Back 18

preventing cell wall synthesis

Front 19

The MIC is the ____ of a drug that is required to inhibit growth of a microbe.

Back 19

smallest concentration

Front 20

An antimicrobial drug with a ___ theraputic index is a better choice than one with a ____ theraputic index

Back 20

High, low

Front 21

The best descriptive term for the resident biota is

Back 21

commensals

Front 22

Resident biota is absent form the

Back 22

heart

Front 23

Virulence factors include

Back 23

toxins, enzymes, and capsules (d all of the above)

Front 24

The specific action of hemolysins is to

Back 24

damage red blood cells

Front 25

The ____ is the time that lapses between encounter with a pathogen and the first symptoms.

Back 25

Period of incubation

Front 26

A short period early in a disease that may maifest with general malaise and achiness is the

Back 26

prodrome

Front 27

A/an ___ is a passive animal transporter of pathogens/

Back 27

mechanical vetor

Front 28

An example of a noncommunicable infection is

Back 28

tetanus

Front 29

A postive antibody test for HIV would be a ___ of infection.

Back 29

sign

Front 30

An outbreak caused by a batch of bad potato salad at a picnic is a ______ outbreak

Back 30

point-source

Front 31

___________ destroys all viable organisms including viruses.

Back 31

Sterilization

Front 32

___________ destroys vegetative pathogens, but not bacterial endospores.

Back 32

Disinfection

Front 33

___________ mechanically removes microorganisms, reducing contamination to safe levels

Back 33

Sanitization

Front 34

___________ are chemical agents that are applied directly to exposed body surfaces, wounds, and surgical incisions.

Back 34

Antiseptics

Front 35

Place the following in order by level of resistance with highest resistance first.

Back 35

endospores, prions, protozoan cysts, fungal spores

Front 36

A(n) _______ is a chemical that destroys bacteria except for those in the endospore stage.

Back 36

bactericide

Front 37

___ ___ is the growth of microorganisms in the body fluids and tissues.

Back 37

Sepsis

Front 38

Factors that influence the rate at which microbes are killed by antimicrobial agents include all of the following EXCEPT

Back 38

none of the above are correct.

Front 39

The cellular targets of physical and chemical agents fall into general categories including those that damage

Back 39

the cell membrane.

Front 40

Antimicrobial agents can target the cell wall by

Back 40

blocking its synthesis.
digesting it.
breaking down its surface.
D) all of the above.

Front 41

Microbial death is defined by

Back 41

inability to reproduce in optimal conditions.

Front 42

Inoculating loops are generally sterilized using

Back 42

incineration

Front 43

Desiccation preserves food through

Back 43

dehydration.

Front 44

Identify the form of nonionizing radiation from the list below:

Back 44

ultraviolet rays

Front 45

Autoclaving is effective for most materials except for

Back 45

oils

Front 46

Chilling, freezing, and desiccation are

Back 46

microbistatic.

Front 47

Sterilization by filtration removes microbes from heat-sensitive liquids and circulating air. The type of microbe removed depends on the

Back 47

pore size of the filter.

Front 48

Fluorine, bromine, chlorine, and iodine are classified as nonmetallic

Back 48

halogens

Front 49

_________ can be used to disinfect water, food, and surfaces.

Back 49

Chlorine compounds

Front 50

Triclosan, a chemical in most "antibiotic" soaps,

Back 50

has increased resistance of microbes to other antibacterial agents.

Front 51

________ discovered penicillin when he observed clearing around Penicillium notatum on bacterial plates.

Back 51

Alexander Fleming

Front 52

________ are the primary sources of most antibiotics.

Back 52

Fungi and bacteria

Front 53

Antimicrobial drugs can be divided into categories based on the metabolic target they affect. Identify one of these targets from the list below.

Back 53

interference with cell membrane function

Front 54

Antimicrobials are classified by all the following EXCEPT

Back 54

solubility.

Front 55

Characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial include that it

Back 55

is microbicidal.

Front 56

Cephalosporins and penicillins act on the cross-linkages in peptidoglycan. This usually results in

Back 56

cell lysis.

Front 57

The majority of antimicrobials are effective against

Back 57

bacteria

Front 58

Microbes can become drug resistant and lose their sensitivity to a drug through the acquisition of resistance factors. Drug resistance can take the form of

Back 58

change in drug binding sites.

Front 59

Bacterial drug resistance emerges in populations due to

Back 59

gene transfer.

Front 60

Bacterial drug resistance could be reduced by

Back 60

more susceptibility testing.

Front 61

________ chemotherapy targets helminthes and protozoans.

Back 61

Antiparasitic

Front 62

Antiviral chemotherapeutic agents have a mode of action which

Back 62

prevents viral maturation.
inhibits protein synthesis.
disallows entry of virus into the cell.
D) all of the above.

Front 63

________ are preparations of live microorganisms fed to animals to improve intestinal biota.

Back 63

Probiotics

Front 64

Prophylaxis is the use of antimicrobial drugs to

Back 64

prevent infection.

Front 65

There are certain conditions that must be met for infection to occur. Three of the following assumptions are true for infection. Identify the false assumption.

Back 65

The microorganisms must be opportunistic.

Front 66

Identify the sterile (microbe-free) anatomical site from the list below.

Back 66

bladder

Front 67

Effects of bacterial exposure may lead to disease in the host. Place the following occurrences in the proper sequence or order.

Back 67

contact, infection, disease

Front 68

Microbial antagonism means that

Back 68

good microbes establish themselves in the host and prevent invasion by pathogenic microbes.

Front 69

Resident biota (normal flora) of human beings include members of the

Back 69

bacteria.
arthropods.
fungi.
D) all of the above.

Front 70

Infants are typically first exposed to disease

Back 70

during the birth process.

Front 71

Host defenses are NOT compromised by

Back 71

middle age.

Front 72

Endogenous infections are caused by

Back 72

normal biota in an unusual site.

Front 73

Bacteria colonizing the body are necessary for proper development. A germ-free animal displays

Back 73

heightened sensitivity to enteric pathogens and fungal infections.

Front 74

A virulence factor is one which

Back 74

allows a microbe to invade and establish itself on the host.

Front 75

Which of the following is NOT an adhesion mechanism that bacteria use to attach to a host?

Back 75

envelope spikes puncture cells for entry

Front 76

Antiphagocytic factors produced by microorganisms include all of the following EXCEPT

Back 76

erythrocytes.

Front 77

Microbial infection damages hosts by

Back 77

toxins, exoenzymes, induction of immune response.

Front 78

Exotoxins differ from endotoxins in that exotoxins

Back 78

are secreted from living cells.

Front 79

A focal infection is where the infectious agent

Back 79

breaks loose from initial infection and is carried to other tissues.

Front 80

Objective evidence of disease as noted by an observer is called

Back 80

a sign.

Front 81

Identify which is a symptom from the list of signs below.

Back 81

nausea

Front 82

After initial infection, some infectious agents go into a dormancy, or ________, but may re-emerge to produce a recurrent disease state.

Back 82

latency

Front 83

When cases are concentrated in one area at a relatively stable rate, then the disease is

Back 83

endemic.

Front 84

_______________ transmission means the disease is spread through a population from one infected individual to another.

Back 84

Horizontal

Front 85

______ are individuals who inconspicuously shelter a pathogen and spread it to others.

Back 85

Carriers

Front 86

A fomite is _________ that can transmit disease.

Back 86

an inanimate object

Front 87

An infection which is indigenous to animals but can be transmitted to humans is a _________ infection.

Back 87

zoonotic

Front 88

Koch's Postulates for identifying a pathogen require all of the following EXCEPT

Back 88

sequencing the DNA of the suspect organism.

Front 89

Universal (Blood and Body Fluid) Precautions include

Back 89

barrier precautions, such as masks, gloves, gowns.
all sharp instruments deposited in puncture-proof containers.
anything contaminated with body fluids must be scrubbed immediately with germicidal soap.
D) all of the above.