Micro 3 Test 2

Front 1

1700 BC - King Minos of Crete developed the first _________

Back 1

flushing water closet

Front 2

waste treatment development of the late 1800's

Back 2

septic tanks

Front 3

engineered waste treatment systems developed and installed in _________

Back 3

1920's and 1970's

Front 4

Domestic wastewater (bathroom, kitchen, and laundry) are treated at a ________

Back 4

Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW)

Front 5

What makes an "ideal" indicator organism? (7)

Back 5

-suitable for analysis of all types of water
-present wherever enteric pathogens are present
-does not reproduce in contaminated water
-detected by easy and highly specific test
-harmless to humans
-its level in water reflects degree of fecal pollution

Front 6

Methods of coliform detection

Back 6

-multiple-tube fermentation test
-membrane filter procedure

Front 7

faculatative anaerobic gram - nonsporing, bacteria that ferments lactose with gas formation within 48 hours at 35C

Back 7

fecal coliform

Front 8

goals of wastewater treatment facility (3)

Back 8

-treating sewage and industrial wastes
-reduce organic and inroganic constituents to treatment standards
-reduce the BOD to acceptable levels

Front 9

What indirectly measures the amount of bacteria by measuring the dissolved oxygen needed for microbial degradation of organic matter in a sample of water?

Back 9

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Front 10

What is a 5-day BOD?

Back 10

Water sample is put in bottle and then oxygen is measured after 5 days.

Front 11

Which treatment phase uses grates and screens and then settling in clarifiers to separate solid from liquid wastes?

Back 11

Primary Treatment

Front 12

What waste treatment phase uses aerobic microbes to convert dissolved organic matter to CO2 and biomass and anaerobes to treat sludge and very high BOD waters, producing CO2 and CH4?

Back 12

Secondary treatment

Front 13

What is a clump of bacteria good for settling?

Back 13

floc

Front 14

What is a floc that does not settle properly

Back 14

bulking sludge

Front 15

Which waste treatment phase provides significant removal of inorganic nutrients and disinfection prior to discharge into recieving body of water?

Back 15

Tertiary treatment

Front 16

What carcinogins are formed from chlorine and organic matter?

Back 16

THM's

Front 17

Disease caused by Salmonella typhi that was a major public health treathe before drinking water treatment

Back 17

Typhoid Fever

Front 18

Disease caused by Vibrio cholera, with seven major pandemis since 1817 that occurs in areas with inadequate or no sewage treatment

Back 18

Cholera

Front 19

Diseases caused by Giardia, cryptosporidium, and entamoeba that may be present in surface waters and may survive water treatment facilities as cysts

Back 19

Protozoan infections

Front 20

2 guys for small pox

Back 20

Montagu and Jenner

Front 21

discovered viruses

Back 21

Ivanowski

Front 22

fater of virolgy

Back 22

Beijerinck

Front 23

hoof and mouth disesase

Back 23

Loeffler and Frosch

Front 24

yellow fever through mosquitos

Back 24

Reed

Front 25

isolated bacteriophages

Back 25

Twort

Front 26

method for counting bacteriophages

Back 26

d'Herelle

Front 27

The complete virus particle (nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat)

Back 27

virion

Front 28

what are genetic elements that replicate independently of a cell's chromosome, but require a living host in order to reproduce

Back 28

Virus

Front 29

Positive strand of ssRNA

Back 29

the sequence of nucleotides in viral mRNA is the same as the sequence of nucleotides in the genomic RNA

Front 30

negative strand of ssRNA

Back 30

the sequence of nucleotides in genomic RNA is complementary to viral mRNA

Front 31

Segmented genomes in ssRNA

Back 31

virion contains more than one unique RNA

Front 32

How are viruses classified?

Back 32

-hosts they infect
-nature of genome

Front 33

protein coat that surrounds and protects the viral genome and aides in transfer between host cells

Back 33

capsid

Front 34

protein subunits that make up a capsid

Back 34

capsomers

Front 35

nucleic acid held wihin protein coat

Back 35

nucleocapsid

Front 36

morphology: hollow tubes with protein walls
-capsid composed of capsomers in a helical arrangement within tube
-only a single capsomer type

Back 36

Helical

Front 37

morphology:
-capsid structure is composed of 20 equilateral triangles and 12 vertices
-efficient way to enclose space (requires less nucleic acid to code of proteins)
-ring-or knob-shaped units made of pentamers or hexamers

Back 37

Icosahedral

Front 38

morphology:
-binal symmetry - having both icosahedral and helical symmetry

Back 38

complex

Front 39

Lipid bilayer structure surrounding some viruses (lipids and carbohydrates usually derived from host) which helps virus attach to appropriate host

Back 39

viral envelope

Front 40

protein on influenza virus membranes that clumps red blood cells as protection from the immune system

Back 40

hemagglutinin spike

Front 41

protein on influenza virus membranes that aid in release from host cell by causing it to burst

Back 41

neuraminidase spke

Front 42

hosts for animal viruses

Back 42

-suitable animals
-embryonated eggs
-tissue (cell) cultures

Front 43

localized area of cellular destruction and lysis on plates - like a zone of inhibition

Back 43

plaques

Front 44

microscopinc or macroscopic degenerative changes or abnormalities in host cells and tissues

Back 44

cytopathic effects

Front 45

hosts for plant viruses

Back 45

-plant tissue cultures
-plant protoplast cultures (cell wall removed)
-suitable whole plants

Front 46

What methods are used to assay or determine the quantity of viruses in a sample

Back 46

-count particles
-plaque forming units
-plating efficiency (50%/<1% plaques for animals)
-whole animal methods

Front 47

dose where 50% of animals injected die

Back 47

lethal dose 50

Front 48

What are the two ways to count virus particles?

Back 48

-directly count them with electron microscope
-indirectly count them through hemagglutinin assay

Front 49

indirect viral counting method which determines the highest dilution of virus that causes red blood cells to clump together

Back 49

hemagglutinin assay

Front 50

Period of production of viruses where none are released from cell

Back 50

latent period

Front 51

period in virus reproduction where the protein coat is removed from the virus

Back 51

elipse period

Front 52

period in virus reproduction with viral assemly

Back 52

maturation period

Front 53

period of virus reproduction in which viruses are released

Back 53

rise period

Front 54

tail fibers of T4 attach to specific recepters on host

Back 54

attachment

Front 55

tail fibers retract and outer membrane is contacted

Back 55

contact

Front 56

viral genome enters the bacterium (lysozume makes opening in membrane)

Back 56

penetration

Front 57

proteins synthesized in small amounts soon after viral infection that are necessary for replication of nucleic acid

Back 57

early proteins

Front 58

proteins sythesized in larger amount later for structural components of virions

Back 58

late proteins

Front 59

morphologies of viruses

Back 59

-tail-less icosahedral
-contractile tails
-noncontractile tails
-filamentous