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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Proliferative lesion
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-multifocal and coalescing raise, nodular lesion
-cell proliferation often associated with cell swelling -nodules often ulcerate and scab over -lesion resolve slowly |
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Ulcerative/ Erosive lesion
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-loss of epithelium
-indented lesions -epithelium cell necrosis and cell sloughing from direct viral attack or secondary hypoxemia after virus attacks endothelial cells |
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Vesicular lesions
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-raised, blister-like, fluid filled lesion
-intercellular edema -often transient- necrotic epithelial cells can easily slough -result in erosive of ulcerative lesions |
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important Picornaviruses
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-Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)
-Swine Vesiculare Disease (SVD) |
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Important Caliciviruses
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-feline calicivirus
-Vesiculare exanthema (VE) |
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Foot and Mouth Disease
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-Picornavirus
-smallest RNA virus with no envelope -vesicles and ulcers -lesions at locations of mechanical trauma -lesions on tongue, lips, interdigital space, teats -vesicles rupture and develop into ulcers -early vesicular lesions sometimes missed -excessive salivation (ptyalism) -hardy in env and difficult to eradicate -infects anything with cloven hoof (sheep, cows, goats, pigs) -also can infect elephants and llamas -low mortality but poor feed conversion and huge economic loss |
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Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD)
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-vesicular lesions
-impossible to differentiate from Foot and Mouth Disease -picornivirus -only pathogenic for swine |
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Vesicular Exanthema (VE)
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-pathogenic for swine
-Calicivirus -also in sea lions (San Miguel sea lion virus) - Transmitted in marine fish - looks like Foot and mouth |
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Feline Calicivirus
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-one of 3 pathogens associated with feline Upper Respiratory Disease Complex
-young cats (2-6 months) affected -vesicular lesions on tongue look like foot and mouth -occasionally attacks pneumocytes resulting in fatal pneumonia |
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Important Flaviviruses
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bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD)
Mucosal Disease (MD) Hog cholera (Swine fever) West Nile Virus (WNV) St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE) |
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Bovine Virus Diarrhea
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-rarely fatal in adult cows
-high morbidity low mortality -diarrhea with occasional oral ulcers in adults -occasional abortion -varibale fetal anomalies - cerebellar hypoplasia, retinal dysplasia -occasional immune tolerant -virus infected calves |
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Mucosal Disease
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-always fatal
- low morbidity high mortality - due to virus destruction of endothelial cells |
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Capsid - helical symmetry
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only among RNA viruses
cylindrical shape closely associated with the viral genome enclosed within a lipoprotein envelope |
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Capsi - icosahedral symmetry
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-found among RNA and DNA viruses
-most eficient arrangement -20 triangular faces and 12 vertices |
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Mnemonic scheme
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RNA enveloped - birds/mammals (Red-blooded, covered in fur or feathers)
RNA nonenveloped - insects, fish DNA enveloped - trees (enveloped in leaves) DNA, nonenveloped - plants |
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Birna
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beetle
RNA, nonenveloped infectious bursal disease |
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Pox
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box elder
DNA enveloped fowlpox |
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Bunya
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bunny
RNA enveloped Cache Valley virus |
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Corona
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cardinal
RNA, enveloped Feline infectious peritonitis |
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Calici
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Katydid
RNA nonenveloped feline Calcivirus |
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Toga
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dog
RNA enveloped eastern equine encephalitis |
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Flavi
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flamingo
RNA enveloped bovine virus diarrhea |
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Herpes
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hickory
DNA enveloped feline viral rhinotracheitis |
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Orthomyxo
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oriole
RNA, enveloped avian influenza virus |
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Papilloma
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papaya
DNA nonenveloped bovine papillomavirus |
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Circo
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celery
DNA nonenveloped chicken anemia virus |
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Paramyxo
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parakeet
RNA, enveloped canine distemper |
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Parvo
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parsnip
DNA, nonenveloped feline panleukopenia |
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Arteri
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aardvark
RNA enveloped equine arteritis virus |
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Picorna
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pickerel
RNA nonenveloped foot and mouth disease |
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Rhabdo
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rabbit
RNA, enveloped rabies |
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Adeno
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radish
DNA, nonenveloped infectious canine hepatitis |
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Reo
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ray
RNA, nonenveloped bluetongue |
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Retro
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petrel
RNA enveloped feline leukemia virus |
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Bovine Virus Diarrhea in other species
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-border disease (hairy shaker) in sheep. Virus attacks oligodendroglia and hair follicles
-seroconversion in swine with no clinical disease but antibodies cross react with Hog Cholera virus |
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Hog cholera
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-exotic
-ataxia, incoordination, hypermetria virus attacks enothelial cells and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy |
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Important Flaviviruses and Togaviruses
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West Nile virus
St. Louis encephalitis Eastern equine encephalitis Western equine encephalitis |
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Flavivirus and Togavirus
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- Culiseta sp. mosquitos spread WNV, SLE, EEE, and WEE in birds
- Aedes sp and Culex sp mosquitoes spread the viruses from birds to mammals - horses and people are infected |
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Eastern Equine Encephalitis
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-most lethal arbovirus for horses and ppl
-100% mortality in horses and 80% in people acute encephalitis, neuronal necrosis, vasculitis -rapid progressing neurologic disease death 48-72 hours after initial sigsn common in horses -more sever than west nile -non-indigenous birds are susceptible -ring-neck pheasant and chickens get encephalitis and neurologic signs similar to horses and humans -emu get hemorrhagic enteritis and sudden death with no CNS lesions |
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Important Coronaviruses
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-neonatal coronavirus enteritis in calves, lambs, pups, and kittens
-transmissible Gastroenteritis: baby pigs - Feline Infectious peritonitis |
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enteric viruses that attack mucosal epithelium
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rotavirus: attacks tip portion of villus
coronavirus: attacks upper half of villi parvovirus: attacks crypts |
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Coronavirus enteritis
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bad in young animals
-those that recover have blunt and fused GI villi so feed conversion is less efficient |
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Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE)
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--diarrhea and vomiting in < 2 wk old pigletts
- adults remian asymptomatic mortality over 75% intestinal scaring in survivors Coronavirus |
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Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
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- mutation of feline enteric corona virus
- 6 to 8 month old cats most susceptible -mutation results in virus infection of macrophages then spread to other locations -Wet and dry forms which are both progressive and fatal -serofibrinous effusion in abdominal and pleural cavities -fibrinous exudate and pleural and peritoneal surfaces -periventricular lesions |
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Mechanisms for induction of autoimmunity
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molecular mimicry
bystander activation immune dysregulation alteration of self molecules |
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Antiviral treatments
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-supportive care
- immune stimulants like IL-2 (not specific) - stimulation of antiviral immune response (aquired imunity) - antiviral agents that inhibit viral replication or spread interferon alpha, neuraminidase inhibitor (influenza), nucleoside analogues - antiviral agents that kill virus infected cells |
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Chemotherapeutic indes
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max tolerated dose/ min curative dose
LD50/ED50 |
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ganciclovir
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-used to treat Cytomegalovirus infections
- affects a viral thymidine kinase needed to activate the drg |
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Picorna viruses
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-smallest of the RNA viruses
-nonevolped -most important are Foot and Mouth and Hep A -Viron RNA translated into ployprotein -virons constructed from 60 copies of 4 capsid proteins -infection usually acute and cytolytic |
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Flavivirus
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Group B arboviruses
Pestivirus Hepacivirus Envelopment by internal host membranes (no true budding) Infection of vertebrate hosts - cytolytic Infection of arthropod hosts -noncytolytic, persistent |
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Group B arboviruse
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Flavivirus
St. Louis and Japanese encephalitis yellow fever virus (humans, flavus means yellow) West Nile virus |
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Pestivirus
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Flavivirus
transmitted by direct and indirect contact, transplacentally bovine virus diarrhea, hog cholera virus, border disease of sheep |
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Hepacivirus
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Flavivirus
blood transfusion, close contact, sexual contact Hepatitis C in humans |
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Nidovirales
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Coronaviridae has Corona and Torovirus
Arteriviridae has Arterivirus |
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Coronaviridae
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Cronavirus - FIP, HEV, TGE, MHV, avian infect, Bronchitis, SARS
-looks like it has a crown Torovirus - Berne virus, Breda virus |
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Arterivirus
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equine arteritis virus, PRRS
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Orthomyxovirus
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envolped RNA virus
(-) that replicates in nucleus -multiple, linear molecules and requires nucleus replication b/c uses splicing to produce different transcripts -includes influenza, Isavirus, and Thogotovirus |
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Important prion disease
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scrapie, mink encephalopathy, elk wasting disease, mad cow disease, creutzfeldt - Jacob disease and Kuru
-all prion disease have spongiform encephalopathy -include obex in sample -absence of inflammation - opathy not itis |
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Scrapie
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head tremor, lip smaking
- weakness, ataxia, hind limb paralysis -occasional intense itching (puritis) |
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Poxviruses
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- large DNA viruses
- carry nucleic acids, replicase enzymes -hydropic degeneration and cell proliferation, eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions |
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Cow pox and Papular stomatitis
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-Pox virus
-raised, proliferative skin and mucus membrane lesions in cows and occasionally people -papular stomatitis only seen in young animals cow pox on teats papular stomatitis - on tongue of young cows |
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Contagious ecthyma
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-sore mouth, Orf
-pxvirus of sheep, usually lambs -raised proliferative skin and mucus membrane lestion human infections are more common than Papular stomatitis |
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Fowl Pox and Avian Pox
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Poxviruses in chickens and all birds respectively
-raised. proliferative skin lesions, non-featherd skin surface -intracytoplasmic inclusions = Bollinger bodies -lipophilic so stain with Oil Red O or Sudan Black stains |
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Squirrel Fibroma Virus
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-Poxvirus
-Endemic in young Eastern gray squirrels -epidermis and dermal fibroblasts are targeted -proliferative lung lesions look like tumors -epithelial cell proliferation, hydropic change, and intracytoplasmic inclusions -dermal fibroblast proliferation |
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Herpesviruses
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-cause upper respiratory disease, immue complex vasculitis, and neoplasia |
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Equine Rhinopneumonitis
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-mild or unapparent in most horses
-malase and inappetemce with serous nasal discharge, cough, fever, pharyngitis, and secondary bacterial infection -herpesvirus strains 1 and 4 together -viral latency through lymphocytes or trigeminal ganglion -late term abortion -focal necrosis of lung, liver, brain and intranuclear viral inclusions |
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Equine Pulmonary Fibrosis
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-Equine Herpes 5
intranuclear viral inclusion bodies |
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Important Arteriviruses
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- porcine respiratory and reproductive Syndrome
-equine virus arteritis |
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Porcine Respiratory and Reporductive Syndrome (PRRS)
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-stillborn piglets and mummified fetuses
- premature deliveries, weak pigs -secondayr pneumonia and bacterial infection |
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Equine viral arteritis (EVA)
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- signs similar to EVH-1 abortion
-generalized edema in adult horses |
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Proleiferative Pneumonia of Foals
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-under 6 months
_Ards lesion -identical to FOg Fever or Bovine Atypical Pneumonia with sudden onset of dyspnea and death -etiology uncertain, toxic or viral (EVA?) |
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Orthomyxoviruses
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-highly evolved RNA virus
-only type A causes infection in animals -capable of antigenic shift - target small airways and alveolar epithelial cells -secondary bacteriala infection common |
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Important Orthomyxoviruses
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Equine influenza
Avian influenza |
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Equine Influenza
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-high morbidity
-fever muscle pain, cough -signs more sever than rhinopneumonitis |
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Avian influenza
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-wild waterfowl reservoirs
- targets endothelium and GI mucosal epithelium - induces DIC |
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Important Paramyxoviruses
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canine distemper
newcastle disease respiratory syncitial virus parainfluenza rinderpest |
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Paramyxoviruses
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-attack respiratory epithelial cells, GI epithelial cells and CNS neurons
-form syncitial cells (multinucleated giant cells) and intracytoplamic eosinophilic viral inclusions |
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Canine Distemper
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-conjunctivitis, purulent rhinitis, fever, cough, comiting and diarrhea, mild pneumonia, seizures
-targets choroid plexus epithelium, ependymal cells, astrocyte foot processes, and neurons - destroys tooth enamel |
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Rinderpest
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- high morbidity and mortality
-clinical signs similar to BVD/MD - fever, diarrhea, deyhdration, oral ulceration |
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Newcastle Disease
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- many viral strains in domestic and wild birds
- variable pathogensis depending on species - diganosis requires virus isolation or serology -can be lentogenic (highest m&m), mesogenic, or velogenic -mesogenic NDV is most common in US -torticollis |
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Important Rhabdoviruses
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-rabies
-vesicular stomatitis |
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Rabies
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-viral replication in skeletal muscle
-virus crosses myoneural juntion -enters PNS then travels to CNS - reaches CNS and salivary glands -intracytoplamic Negri bodies -cannot formalin fix or freeze brain |
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Vesicular Stomatitis
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-cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses
-vesicular lesions on lips, oral mucosa and interdigital cleft -indistinguishable from FMD |
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Important Reoviruses
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enteric rotavirus
Bluetongue Epizootic hemorrhagic disease |
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Enteric Reovirus
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-diarrhea from inc intraluminal water b/c stops disaccharide digestion
-affects microvilli |
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Bluetongue
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-arthropod transmission
-ulceration in oral cavity and coronary band -Myositis, stiff reluctant to move -similar to epizootic hemorrhaig disaese of deer -cerebellar atrohpy of aborted lamb |
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Lentiviruses
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Equine Infectious Anemia,
Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis, Ovine Progressive Pneumonia |
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Equine Infectious Anemia
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Acute: intermittent fever with anemia and death after week or 2. Virus attacks bone marrow macs
subacute and chronic: more common, episodes of fever and anemia variable episodes of good health between attacks eventually fatal -coggins test |
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Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis
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-arthritis
-demyelinating encephalitis -lymphofollicular pneumonia -paraventricular malacia in kids with demyelination,, necrosis and non-suppurative encephalitis -adults: decubitus ulcers of skin of sternum, callus formation on skin of carpus, erosion of carpal articular cartilage, and villus synovial proliferation |
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Ovine Progressive Pneumonia
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-demyelinating encephalitis
- lymphofollicular pneumonia -hard udder disease -Maedi -multifocal, coalescing foci of lymphoid hyperplasia |
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Important Poxviruses
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papular stomatitis
contagious ecthyma swine pox fowl pox vaccinia and cow pox squirrel fibroma virus lumpy skin disease smallpox monkeypox |
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Poxvirus
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-eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions
- hydropic degeneration and cell proliferaiton |
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Cow pox and papular stomatitis
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-cows and sometimes humans
- raised, proliferative skin and mucus membrane lesions -papular stomatitis in young animals |
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contagious ecthyma
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-sore mouth, Orf
-sheep, usually lambs -raise, proliferative skin and mucus mem lesions - human infections |
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fowl pox
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-chickens (avian pox in pet/wildlife)
- raised proliferative skin lesions -intracytoplasmic inclusions called Bollinger bodies -lipophilic - stain with Oil Red O and Sudan Black |
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Squirrel Fibroma Virus
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Eastern gray squirrels, young
-epidermis( proliferation, hydropic changes, intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies) and dermal fibroblasts targeted -lesions similar to pox of sheep, goats,and cattle |
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Important herpesviruses
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Equine Rhinopneumonitis
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis feline viral rhinotracheitis Laryngotracheitis genital herpes canine herpes pseudorabies herpes simplex and Herpes B Malignant Catarrhal fever Marek's disease |
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Herpesvirus Neurolatency
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-retrograde transport to mitotically inactive neurons, immune priviledged site
-loss VP 16 so no early gene expression - forms intranueronal non-replicating viral episome - latency associated viral transcripts block neuronal apaptosis -stress begins lytic cycle with viral replication, reactivation, and anterograde transport down neuron |
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Equine Rhinopneumonitis
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-serous nasal discharge
- malaise and inappetence, cough, fever, pharyngitis -viral abortion in late term mares with focal necrosis in lung, liver, brain and intranuclear viral inclusions -EHV 1 and 4 -latency in trigeminal ganglion or lymphocytes |
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Infectious Bovine Rhinotraceitis
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-upper respiratory disease of cows
-high morbidity -fever, cough and nasal discharge -fibrinous rhinitis and tracheitis |
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Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis
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-upper resp disease
- ocular and nasal discharge -fever, anorexia, cough, sneeze -part of feline upper respiratory disease complex with feline calici virus and chlamydia psittaci |
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laryngotracheitis
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-high morbidity, low mortalitis in birds
-nasal and ocular discharge - expectoration of mucus and blood -hemorrhagic and fibrinous tracheitis -intranuclear inclusion bodies |
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Genital herpes
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BHV -1: infectous pustilar vulvovaginitis and infectious pustular balanitis
EHV-3: equine coital exanthema Canine herpesvirus: canine herpetic vaginitis |
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Canine herpesvirus
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-adults asymptomatic
-similar virus in harbor seals - fatal in neonates and necrotizing vasculitis and milti-organ necrosis in fetus -signs 1-3 wks post partum -dull, depressed, stop nursing -rhinitis, mucopurulent nasal discharge, mucus mem petechia, seizures |
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Pseudorabies
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Aujeszky's Disease
-enzootic in pigs -pathogenesis identical to canine herpesvirus -aysmptomatic adults that shed virus -lethal disease in piglets lacking passive immunity -encephalitis and liver necrosis with intranuclear inclusions -mad itch in cows -fatal encephalitis in cows, sheep, goats, dogs, cats |
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Herpes simplex encephalitis
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-can be fatal
-localized in temporal lobes -necrotizing and hemorrhagic encephalitis |
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Malignant Catarrhal fever
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-usually alcephaline herpesvirus (AHV-1) but can be (BHV-3)
-normally in african wildebeest and sheep -rhinitis, oral ulceration, encephalitis -corneal opacity -low morbidity, high mortality -immune complex vasculitis |
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Marek's disease
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-paralysis, swollen sciatic and brachial plexus, lymphomas
- inflammatory and neoplastic forms -T cell lymphomas -common in young birds -vaccination reduces incidence of neoplasia |
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Important Oncogenic Poultry viruses
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Marke's disease: DNA herpes virus that causes T-cell lymphoma, neuritis and encephalitis
Lymphiod Leukosis: RNA Oncornavirus that causes B-cell lymphoma in older birds as well as fibrosarcoma, erythroblastosis, myeloblastosis, and avian osteopetrosis |
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Sheep and goat pox
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-raise, firm skin nodules (proliferation of dermal fibroblasts)
-crusts and scabs around nares and libs -lung nodules |
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Important Adenoviruses
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canine adenovirus I & II
Equine adenovirus Psittacine adenovirus |
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Important Birnaviruses
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Infectious Bursal Disease
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Infectious Bursal disease
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-3 to 5 wk old chicks
- virus attacks lymphoid cells in bursa fabric - subsequent B cell immunodeficiency - uncommon secondary infections include gangrenous dematitis and aplastic anemia from adenovirus |
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Canine adenovirus I
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-dogs < 1 yr
-attacks endothelial cells -epistaxis, petechia, excessive bleeding -DIC common component -glomerular inclusions |
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Canine adenovirus II
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- tracheobronchitis (kennel cough)
- antigenically similar to type I - attenuated strains of Type II used in ICH vaccine - no immune mediated corneal edema |
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Equine Adenovirus
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- widespread in horses
- usually apathogenic - bronchiolitis in immunosuppressed foals - secondary bacterail pneumonia common - intranuclear viral inclusion in lung |
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Important Papilloma viruses
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Bovine papilloma
equine sarcoid deer fibroma |
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Papilloma viruses
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-abraded into skin/mucosa (like pox)
- replication inc epithelial proliferaiton -cutaneous and mucosal papillomas (warts) - virus replicationonly in skin layers where keratin produced |
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Equine Sarcoid
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- caused by bovine papilloma virus 1 and 2
- dense stroma in sarcoid |
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Deer fibroma virus
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-similar lesions to cows
- low mortality - transmission from insects? |
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Important Papovaviruses
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Psittacine Polyoma/Papova viruse
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Psittacine Polyoma/Papova viruse
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french molt
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Important Parvoviruses
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canine and feline parvovirus
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Canine and feline parvovirus
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-fatal in <3months
-less sever lesions in adults dilated, flaccid small intestin -targets rapidly dividing cells like intestinal crypt epithelium, hematopoietic cells, and neonatal cerebellum -multifocal myocardial necrosis |
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Important Circovirus
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Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome and Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease
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Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome
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-6 to 14 wk old pigs
- weight loss to emaciaiton - coughing and dyspnea, jaundice, skin lesions -lymphadenopathy -globular intracytoplasmic inclusions |
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Psittacine Beak and Deather Disease
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-feather loss due to shedding of underdeveloped feathers
-abnormal new feather growth and beak growth -globular intracytoplasmic inclusions in feather follicle epithelial cells |
