Micro 3

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..........are chemicals approved for usage on food utensils

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sanitizers

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....is an example for an antiseptic

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neosporin

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Alcohol works best if its concentration is

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70%

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This is an example for an antiviral drug

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zovirax

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Lysol is a

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phenol

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This heavy metal is the active ingredient of tincture

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mercury

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Ethylene oxide kills bacteria by inhibiting the

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DNA

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Phenols kill bacteria by inhibiting

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proteins

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This gas is used in hospitals to sterilize expensive, invasive apparatus that are heat sensitive

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ethylene oxide

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This heavy metal is ued to kill algae in ponds

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copper

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These chemicals are mainly used as dish washing detergents

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cationic detergents

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This method is mainly used to sterilize alcoholic beverages

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filtration

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This drug restricts the replication of herpes virus

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Ribavirin

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One of the disadvantages of this method is the accumulation of benzene and URPs due to fat metabolism

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ionizing radiation

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This heavy metal is used in the treatment of Opthalmia neonatarum

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Silver nitrate

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An antibotic that inhibit the cell wall synthesis

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penicillin

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An antibotic that specifically inhibits DNA synthesis

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ciprofloxacin

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This pathogen evades the effects of penicillin by changing shape/morphology

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Treponema palladium

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This active ingredient in cephalosporins known to inhibit cell wall synthesis

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b-lactam

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Resistance t 2 or more antibiotics with a common mode of action is known as

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cross resistance

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The main mode of action of rifamicin/rifampicin is to inhibit

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RNA

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Progression or regression of a disease depends on this factor

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incidence

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This endemic disease has now become an epidemic disease in the Midwestern states

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Mumps

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West Nile virus infection is an example for

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sporadic

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This antibiotic is known to cause anaphylactic shock because of hapten production

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Penicillin

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AIDS is a typical example for

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pandemic

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Contamination of potable water with sewage water can spread this infection

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Hepatitis

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Clostridium tetani a pathogenic bacteria is mainly present in

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soil

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A treatment that excludes the real drug but includes a sugar pill is known as

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placebo

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This transmission of the disease mainly occurs from parents to off springs

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vertical

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Irradiation of meats mainly results in the accumulation of

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URPs

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Streptomycin inhibits the

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proteins

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Dry heat is mainly used to disinfect

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food utensils

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Streptomycin is mainly used to treat this infection

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TB

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Sulfa drugs are analogs of this compound used to make DNA

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PABA

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The main drawbacks of this technique are cumberson and expensive due to high energy costs

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dry heat

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A typical example for an antimetabolite antibiotic is

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sulfa

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In erythromycin-resistant bacteria the antibiotic erythromycin will not bind to

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ribosome

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Tetracycline is a known example for

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broadspectrum antibiotic

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Redman syndrome is caused by the use of this antibiotic

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Rifampicin

Front 41

The active ingredient in bleach is this halogen

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chlorine

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.......is used to disinfect potaable water

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chlorine

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Formaldehyde inhibits

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DNA

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.....method is used to disinfect milk

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pasteurization

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........method is used to prepare instant coffee/milk

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lyophilization

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This is a radioactive isotope used in irratioation process

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CO60

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Bacteria require this compound to make DNA

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PABA

Front 48

An antibiotic effective against gram negative bacteria is

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Cipro

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A person who has the infectious agent but shows no symptoms of the disease is known as

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carrier

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This epidemiological study is mainly used to evaluate a hypothesis

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experimental

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Universal precautions were formulated to prevent the spread of

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nosocomial infections

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This gram negative bacteria is a source of nosocomial infections

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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This gram negative bacteria is associated with burn infections is

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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One of the primary reason for increased nosocomial infections

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immunocompromised patients

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A public health organization located in Atlanta, GA is

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CDC

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MRSA's can be eradicated by this antibiotic

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Vancomycin

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This public health organization is located in Geneva

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WHO

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Enterococcus is a nosocomial infectious agent resistant to this antibiotic

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vancomycin

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All sexually transmitted diseases are known as

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notifiable

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Rabies is considered as a

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zoonotic disease

Front 61

Triazoles inhibit......in the plasma membrane

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Sterols

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This is an antibiotic that acts as an antifungal agent

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amphotericin

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Clavulanic acid is compound present in this antibiotic

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augmentin

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5 desirable attributes of a disinfectant

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Easy to make, No odor, no residue, kill a variety of organisms, and long shelf live

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List 4 factors that affect the efficancy of a disinfectant

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temp, pH, concentration, time

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Why is 70% alcohol considered best?

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1. At 100%, evaporation is quick
2. Coagualtion of proteins

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List 4 modes of action of a disinfectant

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proteins, DNA, membranes, fermation

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List 3 different methods of pasteurization. Please include the parameters of at least one

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Hold method, flash method, and UHT. UHT temp starts at 70 degrees and is brought up to 140 degrees and back down to 70 degrees in 15 sec.

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List 2 disadvantages of ionizing radiation

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Public pheoba
URPs

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When would you use a broad spectrum and a narrow spectrum antibiotic. List two examples for each group

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Broad spectrum - used when one does not know what is causing the infection - Tetracycline & cephalosporins
Narrow spectrum - used when one knows what is causing the infection - Ciproflaxocin & erythromycin

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What is super infection? List 2 organisms that cause it.

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These infections are “opportunistic.” It seems that persons have bacterial that are part of the normal functioning of the body. Antimicrobial therapy can “Kill” the bacterial with white hats (our normal, “good-guy” bacteria), providing the Opportunity for other invading organisms to move in. Candida & Clostridium difficile

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How do bugs become resistant to penicillin and erythromycin?

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Bacteria acquire resistant genes through exchanging genes with other bacteria

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List 2 types of "evasion" mechanisms. Please list the bacter that do these acts.

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TB hids in phlegm and syphillis evades in antibotics

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What is cross resistance? Please explain with names of antibiotics

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Cross-resistance arises because the mechanism of resistance to several drugs is the same and arises through the identical genetic mutations. Vancomycin, pencillin, cephalsporins

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List 3 ways of limiting antibiotic resistance

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1. only use when necessary
2. take the complete coarse
3. Take combination drugs

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Explain "antagonistic" reaction with examples

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It is the opposite of a synergism. The example would pencillian & tetracycline

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How does pandemic infection differ from sporadic infection. List example

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Pandemic is an infection like AIDs that is a worldwide infection. Sporadic has no reason for the infection. An example would be West Nile virus

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Differentiate epidemic outbreak from endemic infection with examples

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Epidemic is something that cause an M&M like the flu in 2004. Endemic is something that does not cause and M&M like mumps or chicken pox

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Explain the disease cycle with an example

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Bubonic plaque - the disease cycle happens in cycles. It kills several people

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Explain the 2 methods of controlling the spread of infectious diseases

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Isolation - sick person separated from the healthy population
Quaratine - healthy person was exposed to infectious agent and is separated from the healthy population

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List 3 nosocomial infections

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Pseudomonas, VRE, E. coli

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Mary has an unknown infection and Kate is suffering from bacterial diarrhea. What kind of antibiotics will you recommend?

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Mary - BS Kate - NS

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List 3 universal precautions

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Gloves, masks, and wash hands