Micro #3

Front 1

What 3 microbes can change their antigenic coats?

Back 1

trypanosomes, gonococci, and influenza viruses

Front 2

By what mechanism do trypanosomes change their antigenic coats?

Back 2

variable surface glycoprotein

Front 3

By what mechanism do gonococci change their antigenic coats?

Back 3

periodic changes in pilin

Front 4

What two proteins are involved in the antigenic drift and shifts of influenza viruses?

Back 4

hemagglutinin and neuraminidase

Front 5

What is the purpose of hemagglutinin?

Back 5

binds to cell surface receptors

Front 6

What is the purpose of neuraminidase?

Back 6

changes receptors to which hemagglutinin bind

Front 7

Name 4 microbes that have IgA proteases

Back 7

gonoccocci, meningococci, Haemophilus influenzae, and some dental pathogenic streptococci

Front 8

What do staphylococci produce that cleaves host plasminogen into plasmin?

Back 8

staphylokinase

Front 9

Name 2 bacteria that utilize latency

Back 9

Helicobacter pylori (gastric ulcers, gastric adenocarcinomas) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 10

Give an example of a microbe that produces a toxin that affects the integrity of the cell membrane leading to cell lysis

Back 10

gas gangrene (RBC lysis)

Front 11

Give an example of a microbe that multiplies within the host, leading to cell lysis (due to cell-mediated immunity)

Back 11

Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Front 12

Give 4 examples of infections that don't kill cells directly but result in severe diseases due to pharmacologic alterations of metabolism

Back 12

tetanus, botulism, cholera, whooping cough

Front 13

What 2 types of bacterial toxins modulate intracellular targets?

Back 13

exotoxins and type III cytotoxins

Front 14

What 3 types of bacterial toxins act on the cell surface?

Back 14

endotoxin, membrane-damaging toxins, and superantigens

Front 15

What bacterial toxin modulates targets in the extracellular matrix?

Back 15

exoenzymes

Front 16

Within what DNA elements are genes that encode toxins contained?

Back 16

plasmids and temperate bacteriophages

Front 17

Can toxins be synthesized during the stationary phase of bacteria?

Back 17

Yes

Front 18

Give 3 examples of bacterial toxins that use ADP ribosyltransferases

Back 18

diptheria toxin, cholera toxin, and exotoxin A of Pseudomonas auriginosa

Front 19

Name the exotoxin that has a single AB protein (covalently bound)

Back 19

diphtheria toxin

Front 20

Name the exotoxin that has A:5B (noncovalently bound)

Back 20

cholera toxin

Front 21

Name the exotoxin that is (2A + B) (independent proteins)

Back 21

Anthrax toxin

Front 22

Which A domain is termed the edema factor for Anthrax toxin?

Back 22

A1 (an adenylate cyclase)

Front 23

Which A domain is termed the lethal factor for Anthrax toxin

Back 23

A2 (a protease)

Front 24

What factor does the A domain in diphtheria toxin ADP ribosylate?

Back 24

EF-2

Front 25

What does the A domain of cholera toxin ADP ribosylate, and what is the result?

Back 25

G protein which upregulates host adenylate cyclase and produces more intracellular cAMP

Front 26

The A domain of botulinum toxin inhibits release of what?

Back 26

stimulatory neurotransmitters

Front 27

The A domain of tetanus toxin inhibits the release of what?

Back 27

inhibitory neurotransmitters

Front 28

Via what mechanism do type III cytotoxins get into the host?

Back 28

contact-dependent mechanism when bacterium directly contacts host cell

Front 29

What is a main mechanism of type III cytotoxins

Back 29

they interfere with the ability of the host to respond to infection by direct cell killing or through modulation of actin cytoskeleton

Front 30

What are the primary targets for endotoxin?

Back 30

mononuclear phagocytes, neutrophils, platelets, and B lymphocytes

Front 31

What are specific endotoxin receptors called?

Back 31

toll-like receptors (TLRs), and the primary targets for endotoxin have these

Front 32

What 2 cytokines are best known for setting of the acute phase response?

Back 32

IL-1 and TNF-alpha

Front 33

Complement activation by endotoxin can lead to production of what which increase capillary permeability and release lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils?

Back 33

anaphylatoxins (C3a, C5a)

Front 34

Endotoxin derivatives belong to a class of potential anticancer agents called

Back 34

biological response modifiers

Front 35

Does endotoxin induce release of T lymphocytes to divide?

Back 35

No, just B lymphocytes

Front 36

What happens in endotoxic shock?

Back 36

hypotension and DIC

Front 37

What syndrome occurs in some cases of meningococcal infection when adrenal insufficiency due to infarction leads to rapid death?

Back 37

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome

Front 38

A lipase toxin produced by clostridium of gas gangrene

Back 38

lecithinase

Front 39

Name a homogenous pore former

Back 39

alpha-toxin of Staph aureus

Front 40

Name a heterogenous pore-forming toxin

Back 40

streptolysin O

Front 41

What toxin can complex MHC molecules of an antigen-presenting cell with the T-cell receptor on lymphocytes to stimulate antigen-independent activation of lymphocytes?

Back 41

superantigens

Front 42

Name 2 spreading factors that exoenzymes use

Back 42

hyaluronidase (breaks down hyaluronic acid, the ground substance of CT) and deoxyribonuclease

Front 43

What enzyme produced by Strep pyogenes activates plasminogen and converts it to plasmin?

Back 43

streptokinase

Front 44

antitoxins have been used successfully against what diease?

Back 44

tetanus

Front 45

Name 2 diseases that toxoids have been used to vaccinate against

Back 45

diphtheria and tetanus

Front 46

What type of immunization involves administration of antitoxin?

Back 46

passive immunization

Front 47

What is a possible problem with antitoxin administration?

Back 47

serum sickness

Front 48

Which type of strep (beta-hemolytic or alpha-hemolytic) lyses RBCs and shows up as a clear area around the colonies?

Back 48

beta-hemolytic

Front 49

Which type of strep is most common cause of strep infections (alpha or beta)

Back 49

beta-hemolytic

Front 50

What does the media look like with alpha-hemolytic strep?

Back 50

blood-containing media around the colony turns green