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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taxonomy |
the science of classification, especially classification of living forms -provides a common reference for identifying organisms already classified |
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Traits of all Organisms |
1. composed of cells surrounded by a plasma membrane 2. use ATP for energy 3. store their genetic information in DNA 4. result of evolution from a common ancestor |
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Taxa |
Categories |
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Discuss the limitations of a 2 kingdom classification system |
- advances in molecular biology and DNA sequencing showed that fungi are closer related to animals than plants -two kingdom system NOT based on natural classification based on ancestral relationships |
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Discuss the advantages of the Three Domain Classification System Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya |
- classified by cell type, cell wall, rRNA, membrane lipid structure, tRNA, sensitivity to antibiotics |
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Why are scientific names used?
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In order for biologists to be sure they are talking about the same organism. Common names on the other hand are used for different organisms from different places in different languages. Common names are usually misleading. |
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Binomial Nomenclature |
Genus(noun) + species(adjective) (Italicized or Underlined) |
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Eukaryotic Species |
group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves - members of a species make up agents |
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Prokaryotic Species |
bacteria/archaea a population of cells with similar characteristics, since sexual conjugation is rare |
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Viral Species |
population of viruses with similar characteristics occupying a particular ecological niche. |
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Viruses |
1. not in a Kingdom 2. not composed of cells 3. cannot grow outside of host cell |
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Culture |
bacteria grown in a media |
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Clone |
population of cells derived from a single parent cell, all clones should be identical but in same cases aren't |
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Strain |
genetically different cells within a clone - group within a species usually defined by physiological traits |
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Protist (unicellular!) |
unicellular eukaryotes and their close relatives, catch hall for eukayotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms or being currently assigned to kingdoms |
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Purpose of Bergey's Manual |
used as a reference to identify bacteria based on 1. cell wall composition 2. morphology 3. differential staining 4. oxygen requirement 5. biochemical testing |
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Rapid Identification Method or Numerical Identification |
- manufactured for groups of medically important bacteria - designed to identify bacteria within 4 to 24 hours Numerical Identification - since results are assigned a number |
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Cell |
the fundamental unit of all life and carries out all basic functions of living things (cell theory) |
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Cell Types |
Karyo = nuclues Pro = Before Eu = True |
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Prokaryotic Cells = bacteria and archaea |
- lack internal membrane-bound organelles, much more simple - are the smallest "true cells" and are always unicellular From Inside to Outside Cell membrane --> Cell Wall --> Capsule |
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Nutrition |
means by which an organism obtains: 1. matter (for growth and repair) 2. energy (which drives life's processes) |
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Sources of Matter |
1. Organic: molecule containing both Carbon and Hydrogen 2. Inorganic: molecule not containing both C and H |
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Energy |
may obtained from light or chemical sources |
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Autotrophism |
not requiring organic food, being able to live on just inorganic molecules plus some energy sources inorganicss + energy |
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Heterotrophism |
'feeders on others' needing organic carbon source ie. chemosynthetic heterotrophism (chemoheterotrophs) --> most animals, almost all medically important microbes |
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Parasitism |
gradually drawing food from a living host organism (all viruses, many bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and a few animals) |
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Saprophytism or Saprotrophism |
digesting dead organisms or organic matter (=decay) --> many bacteria and fungi, many Saprophytes may parasitize hosts with poor body defenses (mushroom=common saphrophyte) |
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Archaea |
prokaryotic; bacteria-like (many diff including no peptidoglycan in cell walls), live in extreme habitats |
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Bacteria |
true bacteria (cell walls contain peptidoglycan) |
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Eukarya |
all eukaryotic organisms |
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Genus |
a group of closely related species ie. Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens - members of a genus will be the same in most respects; different in a few specific ways - placements sometimes change due to new laboratory techniques |
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sp. |
refers to species in singular. Often used to refer to an unknown species of a known genus ie. Mycobacterium sp. |
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spp. |
refers to species in plural. Often used to refer all members of a genus. ie. Mycobacterium spp. |
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Subspecies |
a group within a species, usually defined by visible traits; different subspecies usually live in different areas |
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Virus Naming |
- neither prokaryotic nor eukaryotic - not considered true cells, non living. - first DNA sequencing groups them into families based on genomics and structure |
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Bacteria |
- microscopic in size: 0.2 - 2.0 um in diameter and 2-8 um in length. |
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Bacteriology |
the study of bacteria |
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Bacterial colonies |
clusters of millions of bacteria on a solid surface |
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Pleomorphic |
cells have many shapes, not just one! ie. Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
