Micro 22 Unit 1 Chapter 1

Front 1

Organism

Back 1

any living thing (cellular, energy/able to metabolize, can reproduce, responds to stimuli)

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Microorganism

Back 2

a microscopic form of life including bacteria, protozoa, fungi (molds and yeasts), unicellular algae, viruses, and some multi-cellular parasites

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Pathogen

Back 3

disease-causing organism or agent

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Infection

Back 4

a state where host (human) harbors microbes that survive and multiply in or on body tissues

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Disease

Back 5

a process or event that results in any change from the general state of good health

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Microbial (Infectious) Disease

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the damaging result of infection caused by microbes (if the host loses the competition)

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Non-microbial Diseases

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ex. hemophilia, certain cancers, chronic heart disease

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Pathogenicity

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disease causing ability or the ability of a pathogen to gain entry to host tissues and bring about disease

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Greek words: Pathos, Pathology, Etiology, Pathogenesis

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1. Pathos = suffering

2. Pathology = the study of disease

3. Etiology = the study of the cause of disease

4. Pathogenesis = the manner in which a disease develops

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Virulence "full of poison"

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degree of pathogenicity of a pathogen or the degree to which a pathogen causes disease

- Invariably causes disease = highly virulent

- sometimes causes disease = moderately virulent

- not regarded as disease agents = avirulent

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Pathogenicity Islands

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clusters of genes responsible for virulence can move from a pathogenic strain into a avirulent organism converting it to a pathogen

- harmless microbes can become pathogenic when body defenses weaken or fail = microbiologists no longer believe that organisms are either pathogenic or non-pathogenic

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List five ways in which microbes affect our lives

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1. the food industry uses microbes in producing vinegar, sauerkraut, pickles, and soy sauce

2. pathogenic microbes may cause harm to the sick and injured

3. marine and freshwater microbes form the basis of the food chain in oceans

4. E. coli is a bacteria essential in the intestines for the digestion of food

5. Microbes in the soil break down wastes and incorporate nitrogen gas from the air into organic compounds

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Scientific Nomenclature (Binomial Nomenclature)

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Genus (plural genera) - always capitalized

Species Epithet (species name)

- both names are underlined or italicized, can be abbreviated to the initial of genus and the specific epithet.

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Bacteria (prokaryote)

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- bacterium, simple/single-celled (unicellular) organisms

- enclosed in cell walls composed of peptidoglycan, reproduce by dividing into two equal cells by binary fusion

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Archaea (prokaryote)

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- do not cause disease, divided into 3 main groups

1. Methanogens (methane loving)

2. Extreme Halophiles (salt)

3. Extreme Thermophiles (heat)

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Fungi (eukaryote)

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- fungus, may be unicellular or multi cellular, cannot carry out photosynthesis

- true fungi have cell walls composed of chitin, can reproduce sexually or asexually

- molds form visible masses called mycelia

- obtain nutrition from organic material

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Protozoa (unicellular eukaryote)

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- move by flagella, pseudo pods (extensions of their cytoplasm), or cilia

- may live as separate entities or parasites

- can reproduce sexually/asexually

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Algae (Eukaryote)

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- alga, photosynthetic, have cell walls made of cellulose

- need light, water and carbon dioxide for food

- produce oxygen and carbohydrates

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Viruses (NON LIVING BRUH)

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- can only be seen with an electron microscope

-acellular, contains a core made of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)

- can only reproduce using the cellular machinery of other organisms

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Multicellular parasites (eukaryotes)

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- not strictly microorganisms, may grow to visible length

- Helminths --> flatworms and roundworms

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The Three Domains

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1. Bacteria (prokaryote) - cell walls contain a protein, carbohydrate and peptidoglycan

2. Archaea (prokaryote) - cell walls, if present, lack peptidoglycan

3. Eukarya (eukaryote) - protists, fungi, plants, animals

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The First Observations

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1. Robert Hooke - observed "cells" for first time with crude microscope on a thing slice of cork

2. Anton von Leeuwenhoek - first to see living organisms, "animalcules", observed rainwater, feces, teeth scraping using a simple, single lens microscope

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The Debate over Spontaneous Generation

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Spontaneous Generation - forms of life could arise from non living matter

1. Francesco Redi - filled two jars with decaying meat (one uncovered, one covered), the one covered = no organisms!

2. John Needham - broth heated then put into covered flash = microorganisms!

3. Lazzaro Spallanzani - broth heated after being sealed in a flash = no microorganisms

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Biogenesis

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1. Rudolph Virchow - living cells arise only from preexisting cells

2. Louis Pasteur - microorganism are present in air and contaminate sterile solutions by constructing flasks with S shaped necks, microbes can be destroyed by heat

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Aseptic Techniques

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procedures that prevent contamination by unwanted organisms

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Fermentation

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microorganisms called yeasts convert sugars to alcohol in the absence of air, used to make wine and beer

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Pasteurization

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heating of beer, wine and milk just enough to kill most of the bacteria that causes spoilage

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Germ Theory of Disease

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- microorganisms might cause disease if a microorganism's activity can cause physical, chemical changes in organic material

- met resistance because OG though was disease = punishment

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Koch's Postulates

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- sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease

1. Microbe isolated from disease or dead animal

2. Microorganisms are grown in pure culture

- Microorganisms identified

3. Microorganism inoculated into a healthy lab animal

4. Disease reproduced in lab animal

5. Microbe isolated from animal and grown into pure culture.

- Microorganisms identified

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4 Beneficial Activities of Microbes

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1. Bacteria and Fungi decompose organic wastes and dead plants and animals
2. Microbes are used to treat sewage water by converting liquid and organic materials into carbon dioxide, nitrates, phosphates, etc
3. Microbes used to clean up pollutants and toxic wastes
4. Bacteria used to kill insects on crops by being incorporated into a dusting powder

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Biotechnology

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- practical applications of microbiology, using microbes to make products such as foods and chemicals

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Bioremediation

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- uses bacteria to clean up toxic wastes

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Normal Microbiota

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- flora, variety of microbes inside and on our bodies normally, cause no harm and some actually help us by preventing growth of harmful microbes (microbial antagonism)

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Resistance

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- the ability to ward of diseases

- important resistance provided by skin, mucuous membranes, cilia, stomach acid, and interferons

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Biofilm

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- a complex aggregation of microbes, important because they protect your mucuous membranes from harmful microbes and bio films in lakes are important food for aquatic animals

- may be harmful and cause disease/clogs (endocarditis), bacteria in bio films are often resistant to antibiotics because of protective barrier

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Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs)

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new or changing diseases that are increasing or have the potential to increase in incidence in the near future

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Examples of Emerging Infectious Diseases

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MERS, H1N1, Avian Influenza A, Ebola Hemorrhagic fever, West Nile encephalitis, Hepatitis, AIDS, Chicken pox-like disease

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Staphylococcus aureus

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- causes wide range of human infections from pimples, boils to pneumonia, food poisoning

- significant cause of hospital-associated infections

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MRSA

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Methicillin-resistant S. aureus

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VISA

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vancomycin-intermediate staphylococcus aureus

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VRSA

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vancomyn-resistant staphylococcus aureus

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Robert Hooke

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used crude microscope to look at thing slice of cork, first to look at CELLS

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Alexander Fleming

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first to discover antibiotic when culture plates got contaminated by mold (penicillin)

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Anton von Leeuwenhoek

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first to observe living microbes in feces, water "animalcules"

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Carolus Linneaus

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nomenclature system, GENUS + SPECIES EPITHET

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Louis Pasteur

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aseptic techniques, proof of biogenesis and microbes are in the air, discovered fermentation/pasteurization

- disproved spontaneous generation

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Joseph Lister

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introduced use of disinfectant to clean surgical wounds in order to control infections with humans

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Ignaz Semmelweiz

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puerperal fever is contagious and can be reduced by hand washing

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Robert Kock

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kock's postulate --> identifying etiology of diseases

- proved that microorganisms can cause disease

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Edward Jenner

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pioneer of small pox vaccine

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Paul Ehrlich

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introduced an arsenic-containing chemical called salvarsan to treat syphilis

- used first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent

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Carl Woese

Back 52

defined Archaea and phylogenetic taxonomy of 16s ribosomal RNA