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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the number of adult worms reflect?
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the number of eggs or larvae ingested (because adult worms do not multiply in human hosts)
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what type of worm is trichuris trichuria (whip worm)?
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nematode (roundworm)
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what type of worm is enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)?
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nematode (roundworm)
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what type of worm is ascaris lumbricoides?
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nematode (roundworm)
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what type of worm is nectoramericanus/ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm)?
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nematode (hookworm)
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what type of worm is strongyloids stercoralis (threadworm)?
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nematode (hookworm)
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what type of worm is taenia solium/saginata?
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cestode (tapeworm)
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where is trichuris trichuria (whip worm) found?
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fecal contaminated soil or foods
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what is the pathogenesis of trichuris trichuria (whip worm)?
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worms burrow into the intestinal mucosa with their anterior ends where they consume blood cells
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where is the infection rate of trichuris trichuria (whip worm) highest?
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southeast US
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what are 5 symptoms of heavy infections with trichuris trichuria (whip worm)?
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epigastric pain
vomiting distension flatulence anorexia |
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what will severe cases of trichuris trichuria (whip worm) have?
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blood and mucous in the stools
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what are 3 complications of trichuris trichuria (whip worm)?
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secondary bacterial infections
allergic responses resulting in colitis or proctitis prolapse of rectum |
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how is trichuris trichuria (whip worm) diagnosed?
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eggs in the stool
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what cell types are activated in trichuris trichuria (whip worm)? (3)
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eosinophilia
IgE Mast cells |
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what can trichuris trichuria (whip worm) be confused with? (3)
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acute appendicitis
necator (hookworm) amebiasis |
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where is enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) found?
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person-to person, especially in institutionalized settings
eggs in perianal area cause intense scratching which can lead to hand/nail contamination |
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what is the pathogenesis of enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)?
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immature worms remain in the small intestine, adults grow in children, and pregnant females migrate nocturnally outside the anus and lay eggs
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what is the major symptom in enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)?
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intense nighttime itching
may be confused as resltessness in children |
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what can enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) cause in women?
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UTI
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how is enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) diagnosed?
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tape test from perianal region
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what type of cell responds to enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)?
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IgE and eosinophilia will be rare because it does not cross the epithelia
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what may enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) be confused for? (3)
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hemorrhoids
perianal infection dermatitis |
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where is ascaris lumbricoides found?
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fecal-oral
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what is the beginning of ascaris lumbricoides life cycle?
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infective eggs are swallowed and larvae penetrate the intestinal mucosa; then are carried via the portal vein/systemic circulation to the lungs
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where do ascaris lumbricoides larvae mature?
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in the lungs where they penetrate alveolar walls, ascend the bronchial tree and are swallowed
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how many ascaris lumbricoides eggs are deposited and through what?
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as many as 200,000 eggs are passed with the feces
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how long is the ascaris lumbricoides life cycle?
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12 weeks
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what can the transportation of ascaris lumbricoides in the portal vein lead to?
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partial or complete bowel obstruction
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how does ascaris lumbricoides usually present?
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asymptomatic
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what is loeffler's syndrome and what is it associated with?
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originally reported as benign, acute eosinophilic pneumonia of unknown cause characterized by migrating pulmonary infiltrated and minimal clinical manifestations
associated with ascaris lumbricoides |
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how is ascaris lumbricoides diagnosed?
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eggs in the stool (though not in early infection)
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what can ascaris lumbricoides be confused with? (5)
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acute appendicitis
allergic asthma cholecystitis bowel obstruction necator americanus/stronyloids infection |
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where is necator americanus/ancylostoma duodenale found?
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direct contact (walking barefoot) or ingestion of soil contaminated with human fecal matter
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what is the pathogenesis of necator americanus/ancylostoma duodenale?
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eggs are passed in the stool and become infective 5-10 days later
on contact with the human host, the larvae penetrate the skin and are carried to the heart and then lungs in the lungs, they penetrate the alveoli, ascend the bronchial tree to the pharynx, and are swallowed to be passed in the stool |
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how do most cases of necator americanus/ancylostoma duodenale present?
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asymptomatic
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what is the primary syndrome in necator americanus/ancylostoma duodenale?
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iron deificncy anemia and cardiac complications during intercurrent infections
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how can you diagnose necator americanus/ancylostoma duodenale? (2)
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eggs in fresh stool
larvae in old stool |
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where is strongyloids stercoralis found?
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direct contact with contaminated soil (walking barefoot) or ingestion of contaminated soil
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what is the pathogenesis of strongyloids stercoralis?
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infection through feet or ingestion, colonization of bowel and maturation, and can cause reinfection through perianal skin
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what can strongyloids stercoralis lead to if it spreads through other organs? (3)
who does this usually occur in? |
abscess
granulomas sepsis usually occurs in the immune compromised |
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what are 5 symptoms of strongyloids stercoralis
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asymptomatic
ground itch cough/loeffler's syndrome chronic diarrhea (may alternate with constipation) cutaneous larva migrans |
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what will eopsinophilia levels be like in strongyloids stercoralis?
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may be absent during dissemination and may fluctuate constantly
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what can strongyloids stercoralis be confused with? (3)
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necator americanus
amebiasis enteric viral infection |
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what is a proglottid?
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one segment of a cestode's body
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what are cystercerci?
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tissue cysts of a cestode larvae
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what is the sources of taenia solium?
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undercooked pork
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what is the source of taenia saginata?
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undercooked beef
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what will ingestion of cystercerci in meat lead to?
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mild or asymptomatic illness
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where will ingested cystercerci mature?
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in the intestines and attach to the intestines via scolex
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what will happen if someone ingestion of taenia eggs?
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invasion of tissues and cystercerci formation (most commonly in the brain)
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what will the symptoms be with ingestion of cystercerci? (3)
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epigastric discomfort
sensation of hunger diarrhea |
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how do you diagnose ingestion of cystercerci?
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detection of eggs or proglottids in stool
may see "puffed rice" lesions on plain films |
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what will cystercercosis of the brain lead to? (4)
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seizures
focal neuro deficits n/v HA |
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what will cysticercosis of the muscles lead to?
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mild to severe muscle pain
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what is clonorchis sinensis?
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biliary duct dwelling trematode (fluke)
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what is opisthorchis viverrini?
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biliary duct dwelling trematode (fluke)
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what is opisthorchis felineus?
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biliary duct dwelling trematode (fluke)
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where are biliary duct dwelling trematodes (fluke) found?
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poorly cooked, pickled, or smoked fish
entire populations in endemic areas may be infected |
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what is the pathogenesis of biliary duct dwelling trematode (fluke)?
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worms encyst in small intestines, migrate through ampulla of vater into the biliary ducts
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what will biliary duct dwelling trematode (fluke) worms lead to? (3)
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adenomatous hyperplasia
inflammation duct obstruction |
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what will the symptoms of acute infections of biliary duct dwelling trematode (fluke) be? (3)
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fever
eosinophilia hepatomegaly |
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what will a heavy worm burden of biliary duct dwelling trematode (fluke) lead to?
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constitutional complaints and syndromes associated with cholelithiasis and pancreatitis
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how can you diagnose biliary duct dwelling trematode (fluke)? (2)
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ova in stools
dilation of ducts by imaging |
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what is fasciola hepatica?
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liver dwelling trematodes (fluke)
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where are liver dwelling trematodes (fluke) found?
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ingestion of metacerceriae encysted on aquatic plants (watercress)
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what is the pathogenesis of liver dwelling trematodes (fluke)?
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encyst in duodenum, pass through intestine into peritoneum, and invade the liver through Glisson's capsule leading to granulomatous reactions and duct observations
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what are the three main symptoms of liver dwelling trematodes (fluke)?
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fever
hepatomegaly abdominal pain |
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what are 4 common symptoms of liver dwelling trematodes (fluke)?
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nausea
cough diarrhea urticaria |
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what parasites mature in the lung? (2)
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ascaris lumbricoides
necator americanus/ancylostoma duodenale |
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what parasites enter the body through the skin? (2)
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necator americanus/ancylostoma duodenale
strongyloids stercoralis (threadworm) |
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what parasites are associated with cutaneus larva migrans? (2)
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necator americanus/ancylostoma duodenale
strongyloids stercoralis (threadworm) |
