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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what type of bacteria is actinomyces?
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gram + rod, anaerobic
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what type of bacteria is bacteriodes?
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gram - , anaerobic
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what type of bacteria is clostridium?
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gram + rods, anaerobic
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what are 4 anaerobic bacteria found in the mouth?
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actinomycoses
bacteroides clostridium fusobacterium |
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what is dental plaque caused by?
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strep viridans and mutans
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what are 2 major biofilm forming bacteria and what can they cause?
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strep viridans
staph epidermidis can both cause subacute bacterial endocarditis |
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how do dental caries occur?
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when we consume sucrose, strep mutans produces glucan and lactic acid which melts the calcium enamel
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what causes gingivitis?
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porphyromonas gingivalis
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what is trench mouth usually associated with?
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poor oral hygeine and high stress or immunodeficnecy
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is trench mouth contangeous?
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no
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what is trench mouth caused by?
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spirochetes (treponema other than pallidum) and anaerobes
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what is another name for trench mouth?
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acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
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what do normal gut flora synthesize? (2)
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vitamine B12 and biotin
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what is a medication that is activated by normal gut flora?
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sulfalazine which is broken down by the gut bacteria into its active component, 5-aminosalicylic acid
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what will be the 4 clinical features of any intestinal problem?
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fever
vomiting abdominal pain diarrhea |
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what is the definition of watery diarrhea?
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increased frequency of evacuation of voluminous stool
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what are the 2 main pathogens of watery diarrhea?
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vibrio cholerae
entero toxigenic E coli (ETEC) |
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what will entero toxigenic e. coli cause?
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travelers diarrhea
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what is the course of watery diarrhea?
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self-limiting within 1-3 days
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what pathogen will cause a watery diarrhea that can last for weeks?
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giardia
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what is the number 1 water borne GI infection in the US?
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giardia
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what will cause volumnious, foul-smelling, greasy stools?
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giardia
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where will giardia attach?
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upper small intestine
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what can also cause watery diarrhea and how can it be identified?
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cryptosporidium, identified as an acid-fast oocyst
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what pathogen will cause a watery diarrhea that can last for weeks?
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giardia
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what distinguishes dysentery from watery diarrhea?
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it is more of a squirt
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what are 2 pathogens that cause dysentery?
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shigella or entero-invasive e coli (EIEC)
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how can you differentiate EIEC and shigella?
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not clinically
e. coli is a lactose fermenter and shigella is not |
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what will the stool be like with dysentery?
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small amount combined with pus and blood
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where does campylobacter affect?
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the jejunum
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what is the number 1 cause of bacterial GI infection in the US?
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campylobacter
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what will the abdominal pain be like in dysentery?
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lost of pain because the bacteria will be invading the tissues
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what is tenesmus and what is it associated with?
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painful attempt at purging, associated with dysentery
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which dysentery pathogen causes damage through toxins?
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shigella
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which dysentery pathogen causes damage directly?
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EIEC
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how long will dysentery last?
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2-7 days
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what causes enteric fever?
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salmonella enterica subtype typhe
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what is unique about the clincal course of enteric fever?
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it will begin with constipation, followed later by diarrhea
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what pathogen will cause constipation?
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infantile botulism
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what is the pathology of enteric fever?
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absorbed into blood stream by intestines, enters the reticulo-endothelial system (spleen, liver) and goes to the gallbladder where it can stay for years
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what can save a patient with typhoid fever?
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antibiotics in time
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what is the most common source of campylobacter?
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poultry
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what type of virus is rotavirus and why is this important?
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riovirus, the only double stranded RNA virus
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what is the number 1 cause of infantile diarrhea worldwide?
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rotavirus
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what are the top 3 GI pathogens?
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campylobacter
salmonella shigella |
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what pathogen contaminated almost 400,000 people in milwaukee?
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cryptosporidium
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why is E. coli o157-H7 so deadly?
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it can cause thrombocytic thrombocytopenic purpura and death
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what can baciullus cereus cause?
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diarrhea from improperly warmed left-overs within 4 hours
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what food is staph aureus usually found on?
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salad
meat custard |
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which food borne pathogen will manifest within 6 hours? (2)
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those with preformed toxins (bacillus cereus and staph aureus)
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what is the pathogen that causes food poisoning via colonization?
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salmonella
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what is a huge cause of iatrogenic diarrhea and what can it cause?
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clostridium dificil and pseudomembranous colitis
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what is blood culture used for?
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typhoid fever
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what is toxin assay used for?
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c. difficile
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what pathogen is worsened by antibiotics?
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EHEC
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what will cause a pseudo-appendicitis?
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yersinia enterocolitica
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what is the main hepatitis that can cause chronic infection and what can this lead to?
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hep C
can lead to HCC and cirrhosis |
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what will happen to hepatic cells in hepatitis?
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the will necrose
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what will happen to kupfer cells in hepatitis?
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hyperplasia
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how is hepatitis A transmitted?
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fecal-oral
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where does hep A replicate?
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in the GI
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what type of virus is hep A?
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picorna virus (ss+RNA)
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how is hep A hardy?
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it can withstand very low temp and pH
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what is key about hep A?
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DOES NOT GO INTO CHRONICITY
instead it relapses |
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what will present with puritis in hep A?
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cholestatic hepatitis
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what causes the puritis in cholestatic hepatitis?
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opiodergic receptors will interact with the bile
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what is an anicteric hepatitis A patient?
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one who does not develop jaundice
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how is hep A diagnosed?
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IgM and IgG titers, though IgG will need a 2 part titer to see if it's risen between acute and convalescent
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how do you treat hep A?
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no specific treatment except body rest and liver rest (no ETOH or acetominophen)
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what type of virus is hep B?
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smallest DNA virus known
hepadnavirdae family |
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what does the hep B virus use?
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reverse transcriptase
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what antigen indicates that the patient is have an acute viral replication for hep B?
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HBV particle
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when is core antigen not seen and why?
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not seen within the first few weeks because the patient develops an IgM response to it
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what does the E antigen indicate?
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that the patient is infectious and actively replicating the virus
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what will indicate that a hep B patient is recovering?
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antibody to surface antigen
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when will IgM to the core antigen show?
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in acute hep B
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when will IgG to the core antigen show?
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chronic hep B or carrier
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what does the anitbody to E antigen mean?
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hep B patient is not infectious
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what does the S gene code for in hep B?
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surface antigen
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what does the P gene code for in hep B?
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polymerase
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what does the C gene code for in hep B?
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C and E antigens
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what might the X antigen in hep B interfere with?
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p53
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how can hep B be transmitted and what is the most common route?
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MC = sexual
also IVDA, blood borne |
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how is Hep B usually transmitted from mother to child?
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ingestion or abrasions during childbirth
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what type of hep B transmission is not common?
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transplacental
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what is an extra-hepatic symptom of hep B and how does this occur?
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arthritis caused by immune complex deposition
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how long does hep B usually last?
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10 weeks but can be fulimant
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what will happen to a small number of hep B patients?
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will develop chronicitiy, then an even smaller number will suffer from cirrhosis and HCC
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what constitutes chronic hep B?
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failure to find the antibody to surface antigen after 6 months
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how does hep B lead to HCC?
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constant damage and regeneration leads to a greater number than usual of mutations
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what are 2 extra-hepatic manifestations of hep B?
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palpable purpura
arthritis |
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what is a key extra-hepatic manifestation of hep B?
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essential mixed cryoglobulinemia in which immunoglobulins will precipitate at cold temp
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what is immunity to hep B mediated through?
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HBsAg
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who should get a hep B vaccine? (5)
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children
homosexuals medical personnel laboratory workers IVDA |
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what is the post-exposure prophylaxis for hep B?
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pre-formed HB immunoglobulins along with the vaccine
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what is the key treatment for chronic hep B?
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IFN-alpha
adefovir is a recent FDA approval |
