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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is epiglottitis usually caused by?
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haemophilis influenza B
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what are 3 bacterial causes of layngitis?
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moraxella catarrhalis
group A strep haemophilus influenza |
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what is another name for laryngotracheobronchitis?
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croup
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what will a barking cough and stridor indicate?
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croup
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what does inspiratory stridor indicate?
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infectious croup
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what is a common cause of croup?
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parainfluenza virus
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what are lesions where squamous and ciliated epi meet?
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laryngeal papillomas
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what is a common cause of laryngeal papillomas in children?
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HPV-1
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what is a common cause of laryngeal papillomas in adults?
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HPV
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what may present with painful erythematous patch above the larynx along with unilateral loss of specific muscle control?
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shingles
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what type os virus is orthomyxovirus?
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env, -ssRNA
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what type of virus is influenza?
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orthymyxovirus
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what type of virus is paramyxovirus?
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env, -ssRNA
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what type of virus is picornoirus?
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+ssRNA
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what type of virus is rhinovirus?
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picornovirus
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what type of virus is coxsackie?
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picornavirus
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what type of virus is adenovirus?
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dsDNA
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what type of virus is papillomavirus?
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dsDNA
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what type of virus is herpesvirus?
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env, dsDNA
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what type of bacteria is group A strep?
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grap + cocci in chains
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what type of bacteria is moraxella cararrhalis?
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gram - diplococcis
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what type of bacteria is haemophilis?
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gram - bacillus
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what type of bacteria is mycobacteria?
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acid fast
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what are rhiorrhea and cough in pharyngitis more likely to be associated with? (2)
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viral infections or viral + bacterial
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what 2 viruses can cause an exudative pharyngitis mimicking strep?
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EBV
adenovirus |
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what 4 bacteria will have pharyngitis symptoms similar to strep?
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H. influenza
acranobacterium gonorrhea haemoluticum |
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what pharyngitis will be accompanied by scarlantiform rash and result in severe toxicity?
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staph aureus
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what pharyngitis will rarely present with exudate but when it does it can be fatal?
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yersenia enterocolitica
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what type of pharyngitis will cause an erythematous rash?
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coryneform bacterium
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what is the key to corynebacterium diptheria?
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a grey membrane covering the pharynx and soft palate
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what is the most common complication of pharyngitis?
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peritonsillar abscess
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what type of bacteria is fusobacterium necrophorum?
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gram + bacilli, anaerobe
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what is the primary cause of lemierre syndrome?
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fusobacterium necrophorum
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how will lemierre syndrome present?
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thrombophlebitis with metastatic lesions in the lungs
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what will appear as exudative tonsillits that is frequently asymptomatic and clear spontaneously?
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gonococcal pharyngitis
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what type of bacteria is strep pyogenes A and C?
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gram + cocci
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what type of bacteria is corynebacterium?
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gram + bacilli
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what type of bacteria is neisseria gonorrhea?
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gram - cocci
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what type of bacteria is yersenia enterocolitica?
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gram + bacillus
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what type of bacteria is staph aureus?
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gram + cocci
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how will esophagitis present?
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sore throat and dysphagia
substernal chest pain in some |
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who is esophagitis more common in?
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immune compromised
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how will herpes present in esophagitis?
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will be self limiting in immune competent hosts
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what will esophageal CMV be associated with?
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infection at other sites
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what will esophageal herpes be associated with?
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ulcers
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what will candia look like on endoscopy?
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diffuse, linear, yellow-white plaques adherent to the mucosa
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what will CMV look like on endoscopy?
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several large, shallow, superficial ulcerations
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what will HSV look like on endoscopy?
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multiple, small deep ulcerations
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what is responsible for primary acute gingivostomatitis?
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HSV
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where will EBV infect?
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oral mucosa only
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what is picorna virus responsible for?
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herpangina
hand, foot, and mouth |
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what will present with inflammation of the gums, roots of teeth, and bleeding gums?
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periodontal disease
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what is a common cause of periodontal disease?
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strep mutans
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what will cause acute necrotizing gingivitis?
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any treponema species other than pallidum (spirochete)
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what will present as a painful periodontal disease?
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acute necrotizing gingivitis
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what causes lumpy jaw?
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actinomyces
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what type of bacteria is actinomyces?
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gram +
anaerobic |
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what infection usually follows tooth extraction or other facial trauma?
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actinomycosis lumpy jaw
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what are sulfur granules and what are they associated with?
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masses of filamentous organisms that may be found in the pus of actinomyces lumpy jaw
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what causes canker sores?
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HHV8
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how is thrush distinguished from other oral problems?
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by being easily removed or scraped off the mucosa
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what causes mumps?
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paramyxovirus
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what cases sialadentis?
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staph aureus
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what is labrinthitis?
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acute onset of continuous, usually severe vertigo along with hearing loss and tinnitus
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what causes labrinthitis?
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unknown, but many follow URTs
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what is hearing loss in MS like?
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usually unilateral with rapid onset that may abate spontaneously
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what is cholesteatoma?
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chronic infectioun of the middle ear caused by a eustachian tube dysfunction that leads to bone erosion
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how can a eustachian tube lead to chronic infection?
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negative pressure draws the upper flaccid portion of the TM inward creating a squamous epi lined sac that can lead to a blockage of the opening
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what will PE of cholesteatoma reveal?
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an epitympanic retraction pocket or preforation that exudes keratin debris
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what is the most common complication of cholesteatoma?
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otitis externa
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what is the change from rhinitis to sinusitis associated with?
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mucoid rhinorrhea
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what type of bacteria are the first to grow in the sinuses?
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aerobic
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what is rhinitis medicamentosa?
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a syndrome in which one should not use nasal sprays for more than 3 days in a row bc withdrawal can lead to rebound congestion that is more severe
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what pathogen usually causes acute sinusitis?
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bacteria
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what is a risk factor for acute sinusitis from h. influenza origin?
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smoking because h. influenza is stimulated by nicotine
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what will cause acute sinusitis in patients with nasal tubes?
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pseudomonas
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what is the most common complication of bacterial sinusitis?
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preorbital swelling
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what is nasal vestibulitis?
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a bacterial infection of a nasal passage hair follicle
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what usually causes nasal vestibulitis?
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staph aureus
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what are nasal polyps?
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yellowish boggy mass of hypertrophic mucosa
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what are 3 pathogens behind invasive fungal sinusitis?
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rhixopus
mucor absidia |
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what may be useful in chronic cases of sinusitis to rule out complications?
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head CTs and MRIs
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what is the natural defense for the external ear?
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cerumen, which creates a slightly acidic environment in the ear canal that inhibits bacterial growth and infecton
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what can alter the cerumen? (4)
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water exposure
aggressive cleaning soapy deposits alkaline ear drops |
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what are the top 2 causes of otitis externa?
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pseudomonas
staph aureus |
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what is a cellulitis of the ear canal, skin, and subdermis?
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acute otitis externa
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what is a hallmark sign of acute otitis externa?
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tenderness of the tragus when pushed or pinna when pulled up and back
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what is furunculosis?
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infected hair follicle in the outer third of the ear canal
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what is the most common pathogen in furunculosis?
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staph aureus
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what will present with puritis and thickened otorrhea?
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otomycosis
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what is otomycosis?
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fungal infection of the ear canal
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what are 3 dispositions for otomycosis?
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tropic environments, long term antibiotic use, or immune compromised
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what is the most common pathogen in otomycosis?
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aspergillus
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what are 4 modifying factors for otomycosis treatment?
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non-intact tympanic membrane
typanostomy tube immune compromised prior radiotherapy |
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what is the treatment for otomycosis?
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10 day course of gentamycin and hydrocortisone
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what is the primary cause of malignant otitis externa?
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pseudomonas
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what is an aggressive infection in elderly, diabetics, or immune compromised?
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malignant otitis externa
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what is the pathogenesis of malignant otitis externa?
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starts from a normal AOE but spreads posteriorly to the cranial bone, soft tissue, inner ear, and potentially the brain
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what is an early symptom of malignant otitis externa?
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facial nerve paralysis
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what are 2 diagnostics for malignant otitis externa?
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raised ESR
abnormal CT/MRI |
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what is the difference between acute otitis media and externa with pneumatic otoscopy?
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no tympanic movement in AOM
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what is the onset of AOM?
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abrupt onset of otalgia, irritability, otorrhea, and fever
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what can happen in AOM if the infection is not clear?
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the tympanic membrane can burst
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what are the top 3 pathogens in AOM?
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strep pneumonia
non-typable haemophilus influenza moraxella catarrhalis |
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what is otitis media with effusion?
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a non-infectious condition of the middle ear
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what are 4 risk factors for AOM?
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bottle fed
smoking parents attending daycare being male |
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who gets AOM the most?
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6-9 month olds
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what is the main finding in otitis media with effusion?
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clear middle ear with no other symptoms
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what is chronic suppurative otitis media?
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chronic inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid mucosa in which the tympanic membrane is not intact and discharge is present
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