Micro 2 Lecture 21

Front 1

All Spirochetes are Gram___.

Back 1

All Spirochetes are Gram neg.

Front 2

The three different Genera of Spirochetes that are human pathogens are:

Back 2

-Borrella
-Leptospira
-Treponema

Front 3

The major pathogen in the Treponema genus is:

Back 3

Treponema pallidum

Front 4

What disease does Treponema pallidum cause?

Back 4

The STD Syphilis.

Front 5

Describe Treponema pallidum morphology & growth:

Back 5

Gram neg. Spirochete;
-Extremely fastidious & sensitive, cannot survive long outside of host.

Front 6

Describe Treponema pallidum reservoir:

Back 6

Human is the natural host

Front 7

How is Treponema pallidum transmitted?
By fomites?

Back 7

only through direct contact; not spread through fomites.

Front 8

Describe the Primary Syphilis infection:

Back 8

the bacterial cells attach to and multiply in epithelial cells before entering the bloodstream.

Front 9

Describe the symptoms of a Primary Syphilis infection:

Back 9

T. pallidum attaches and multiplies in ET; weeks later, a painless chancre forms at the infection site. Later, the chancre spontaneously heals as T. pallidum enters the bloodstream.

Front 10

Is the chancre caused during a Primary Syphilis infection painful?

Back 10

No, it is painless.

Front 11

Where is the chancre (pronounced SHank- er) caused during a Primary Syphilis infection usually located?

Back 11

usually on the genitals or mouth

Front 12

Describe the contagiousness of the Syphilis chancre:

Back 12

It is HIGHLY contagious; the fluid coming from it contains lots of T. pallidum spirochetes.

Front 13

Describe a Secondary Syphilis infection:

Back 13

Weeks to months after the chancre heals, the symptoms of Secondary Syphilis present themselves.

Front 14

Primary Syphilis is a __________ infection.

Back 14

LOCAL

Front 15

Secondary Syphilis is a ________ infection.

Back 15

SYSTEMIC

Front 16

What are the symptoms of a Secondary Syphilis infection?

Back 16

A systemic infection resulting in Spotted RASH, Wart-like growths, Fever, Headache, & Swollen lymph nodes.

Front 17

Rashes are very common, so what is unique about the classic Secondary Syphilis rash?

Back 17

A spotted rash on the palms of hands & soles of the feet.

Front 18

Describe the contagiousness of Secondary Syphilis?

Back 18

It is not as contagious through skin contact like Primary Syphilis, but it is still highly contagious through blood contact or sexual contact.

Front 19

Describe what happens if Secondary Syphilis is ignored:

Back 19

The rash and other symptoms will go away on their own. However, the infection is not gone. Years to decades later it can come back as Tertiary Syphilis.

Front 20

Describe Tertiary Syphilis:

Back 20

It likes to attack & digest CT in the heart, nerves, skin, joints & eyes.

Front 21

Describe Tertiary Syphilis symptoms:

Back 21

Lesions called gummas can develop, as well as dementia and nerve damage.

Front 22

Why is Tertiary Syphilis rare in the U.S.?

Back 22

It takes around 20 yrs. from the first infection for the symptoms to appear. In the U.S., it is very likely that a Syphilis patient would undergo anti-biotic treatment for something in that time.

Front 23

How is congenital Syphilis caused?

Back 23

If a pregnant woman is infected, T. pallidum can cross the placenta and infect the fetal tissues.

Front 24

Which type of Syphilis is more dangerous to the fetus, Primary or Secondary Syphilis?

Back 24

Secondary, because the bacteria is in the bloodstream.

Front 25

What are some symptoms of Congenital Syphilis?

Back 25

Fetal brain & nerve damage. Also notching of the front teeth and barreling of the back teeth.

Front 26

Describe Leptospira interrogans:

Back 26

A Gram neg., zoonotic spirochete pathogen.

Front 27

Leptospira interrogans causes:

Back 27

Leptospirosis

Front 28

What is the reservoir for Leptospira interrogans:

Back 28

Wild and domesticated dogs, coyotes, and wolves. Also, horses, cattle, & pigs.

Front 29

How is Leptospira interrogans transmitted?

Back 29

It is shed in the infected animals urine where it somehow contacts the mucous membranes or abrasion of a human.

Front 30

What are the portals of entry for Leptospira interrogans?

Back 30

the mucous membranes or broken skin.

Front 31

Can Leptospira interogans be fatal?

Back 31

Yes, it can cause long term disability and even death.

Front 32

What are the symptoms of Leptospirosis?

Back 32

They are not very specific: fever, chills, headache, vomiting, & sometimes conjunctivitis.

Front 33

Can Leptospira interrogans survive in the soil?

Back 33

Yes, he can survive for months in the soil.

Front 34

What organs does Leptospira interrogans target?

Back 34

He targets the kidneys, liver, brain, & eyes.

Front 35

Describe Borrelia burgdorferi:

Back 35

A zoonotic Spirochete that causes Lyme disease

Front 36

Borrelia burgdoferi cuases _______ and is transmitted by:

Back 36

Lyme disease and is transmitted by ticks.

Front 37

Borrelia burgdoferi has a complex life-cycle that goes between _______ and __________.

Back 37

Borrelia burgdoferi has a complex life-cycle that goes between DEER and MICE. But, they have to be a specific type of deer and mice.

Front 38

Lyme disease is most likely found in what part of the world?
Why?

Back 38

The North-eastern U.S.
Because they have the right type of mice, deer, & tick to complete the bacteria's life-cycle.

Front 39

Lyme disease is beginning to spread to:

Back 39

the midwest & west.

Front 40

Describe Lyme disease:

Back 40

A slowly progressive syndrome that mimics neuromuscular (muscle aches & pains) & rheumatoid (joint stiffness & pains) conditions.

Front 41

Describe Lyme disease symptoms:

Back 41

Fever, headache, stiff neck, dizziness, aches & pains. 70% get a bull's eye rash.

Front 42

Can Lyme disease be fatal?

Back 42

Yes, it can progress to cardiac and neurological symptoms.

Front 43

Describe Vibrio cholera:

Back 43

Gram neg., comma-shaped bacteria that causes cholera.

Front 44

Describe the reservoir for Vibrio cholera:

Back 44

The main reservoir is infected people but he can survive, under ideal conditions, in the soil & water.

Front 45

How is Vibrio cholera transmitted:

Back 45

By ingesting feces-contaminated food or water.

Front 46

Describe the Vibrio cholera infection:

Back 46

Ingested bacteria attach to intestinal cell's microvilli but they are non-invasive. They then release the cholera toxin.

Front 47

What are the effects of the cholera toxin?

Back 47

The cholera toxin causes the intestinal cells to excrete electrolytes. This creates a hypertonic environment causing the intestinal cells to release water, leading to massive water loss through diarrhea.

Front 48

What is the classic symptom of cholera?

Back 48

rice water stools

Front 49

The #1 danger to cholera patients is:

Back 49

Dehydration. Cholera patients can lose up to 1L of fluid per hour.

Front 50

Treatment for cholera is:

Back 50

antibiotics and rehydration.

Front 51

Describe the prevalence of cholera around the world:

Back 51

it is a top 7 disease around the world, endemic of Asia and Africa.

Front 52

Is there a vaccine for cholera?

Back 52

Yes, it is suggested for people traveling.

Front 53

Vibrio cholera is not likely to be encountered in the U.S., but these other Vibrio pathogens are:

Back 53

-Vibrio parahaemolyticus
-Vibrio vulnificus

Front 54

Describe Vibrio parahaemolyticus &
Vibrio vulnificus habitat:

Back 54

They are salt-tolerant inhabitants of coastal waters, associated with marine invertebrates.

Front 55

Describe Vibrio parahaemolyticus &
Vibrio vulnificus infections:

Back 55

They both cause gastroenteritis.
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is identified with eating raw seafood.
Vibrio vulnificus is identified with eating raw oysters.

Front 56

Describe the symptoms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus &
Vibrio vulnificus infections:

Back 56

Both cause 3-10 days of diarrhea with watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, cramps. Similar to cholera, but much less severe.

Front 57

What is the most likely time of year to get Vibrio parahaemolyticus &
Vibrio vulnificus infections?

Back 57

summer to early fall, when the water is warmest allowing these bacteria to grow.

Front 58

Describe Campylobacter jejuni morphology:

Back 58

Gram neg. vibrio.

Front 59

Campylobacter jejuni causes:

Back 59

gastroenteritis.

Front 60

How is Campylobacter jejuni transmitted?

Back 60

Through infected food. He is now thought to be one of the most common causes of food infection & gastroenteritis.

Front 61

What foods has Campylobacter jejuni been identified in?

Back 61

milk, meat, poultry, & water.

Front 62

Describe the Campylobacter jejuni infection process:

Back 62

Once ingested, he adheres to the intestine, burrows through the mucus and multiplies.

Front 63

What's Campylobacter jejuni's virulence factors:

Back 63

C. jejuni enterotoxin.

Front 64

What are the symptoms of a Campylobacter jejuni infection:

Back 64

Headache, fever, abdominal pain & bloody or watery diarrhea.

Front 65

Describe the severity of the Campylobacter jejuni infection:

Back 65

it is relatively benign, and most patients recover on their own.

Front 66

Describe Helicobacter pylori:
What does he cause?

Back 66

Gram neg. curved cell.
He causes stomach ulcers.

Front 67

How is Helicobacter pylori transmitted?

Back 67

by ingesting feces-contaminated food or water & mechanical vectors (flies).

Front 68

Describe the infectious dose for Helicobacter pylori:

Back 68

The Infectious Dose is very small.

Front 69

Describe the Helicobacter pylori infection:

Back 69

He is ingested. He bores into the epithelium of the stomach and secretes an enzyme, urease. Urease converts urea into ammonia. Ammonia is very basic & neutralizes HCl to create a neutral environment for the bacteria.

Front 70

Is Helicobacter pylori an acidophile?

Back 70

No, he is a neutrophile.

Front 71

What are some effects of a Helicobacter pylori infection?

Back 71

The immune response to the bacteria boring into the stomach causes inflammation that leads to ulcers and can lead to stomach cancer.

Front 72

What are the medically important species of intracellular bacterial pathogens?

Back 72

-Rickettsia prowazekii
-Rickettsia typhi
-Rickettsia rickettsii
-Bartonella henselae
-Chlamydia trachomatis

Front 73

Describe the morphology of the intracellular bacterial pathogens:

Back 73

Very small, Gram neg., pleomorphic rods
-obligate parasites

Front 74

Rickettsia prowazekii causes:

Back 74

epidemic or louse-borne typhus

Front 75

What is the reservoir for Rickettsia prowazekii?

Back 75

Humans are the only host for Rickettsia prowazekii.

Front 76

Describe the Rickettsia prowazekii infection process:

Back 76

the bacteria enter the endothelial cells & cause necrosis of the vascular lining.

Front 77

What are the symptoms of epidemic typhus?

Back 77

Black necrotic rash & gangrene, Fever, muscular pain, complicated by personality changes & hypotension.

Front 78

Rickettsia typhi causes:

Back 78

endemic or Murine typhus.

Front 79

How is Rickettsia prowazekii transmitted?

Back 79

through human lice.

Front 80

How is Rickettsia typhi transmitted?

Back 80

through fleas

Front 81

What is the reservoir for Rickettsia typhi?

Back 81

infected mice and rats.

Front 82

Which is more severe? The infection by Rickettsia prowazekii or the one by Rickettsia typhi?

Back 82

Rickettsia prowazekii is more severe.

Front 83

So how are Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia typhi similar? How are they different?

Back 83

They both cause a black necrotic rash.
Rickettsia prowazekii:
-reservoir= Humans
-vector= lice
Rickettsia typhi:
-reservoir= infected rats & mice
-vector= fleas

Front 84

Endemic typhus or Murine typhus is only found in certain parts of the world because:

Back 84

you have to have the right species of rat or mouse and the right species of flea in order to get it.

Front 85

So, in what parts of the world do we see endemic typhus infections?

Back 85

in C. & S. America and the So. United States along the border with Mexico.

Front 86

Rickettsia rickettsii causes:

Back 86

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Front 87

What is the reservoir for Rickettsia rickettsii?

Back 87

Small mammals

Front 88

How is Rickettsia rickettsii transmitted?

Back 88

It is passed from small mammals to humans via ticks.

Front 89

In what region of the United States are you most likely to get Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

Back 89

In the southern regions around the Smokey Mountains.

Front 90

Can the Dog tick in the So. California area transmit Rickettsia rickettsii?

Back 90

Yes

Front 91

Describe the Rickettsia rickettsii infection:

Back 91

Like the other Rickettsia Sp., Rickettsia rickettsii infects the endothelium of capillaries causing a rash with necrotic lesions.

Front 92

In serious cases, Rickettsia rickettsii can cause:

Back 92

permanent CNS damage.

Front 93

Bartonella henselae causes:

Back 93

cat-scratch fever

Front 94

Bartonella henselae is carried by as much as ___% of cats.

Back 94

Bartonella henselae is carried by as much as 40% of cats.

Front 95

What is the reservoir for Bartonella henselae?

Back 95

Cat's mouths

Front 96

Describe the infection process for Bartonella henselae:

Back 96

Scratches or bites can result in local papules and the lymph nodes can become infected.

Front 97

Bartonella henselae infections are usually asymptomatic, but it can spread to the lymph nodes and develop into a more serious infection. This happens almost exclusively in:

Back 97

children & immunocompromised individuals.

Front 98

40% of complex Bartonella henselae infections occur in:

Back 98

children between the ages of 2-14 yrs of age.

Front 99

Describe Chlamydia morphology:

Back 99

Gram neg., intracellular obligate parasites.

Front 100

Describe the Chlamydia lifecycle:

Back 100

Chlamydia alternates between 2 stages:
the Elementary body & the Reticulate body

Front 101

Describe Chlamydia's Elementary body:

Back 101

It is smaller, metabolically inactive, and the infectious form.

Front 102

Describe Chlamydia's Reticulate body:

Back 102

It is larger, metabolically active, but not infectious.

Front 103

Describe Chlamydia's lifecycle process:

Back 103

The Elementary body infects the host cell. Inside the cell it becomes a Reticulate body. The Reticulate body goes through cell division and produces more Elementary bodies. The Elementary bodies then explode out of the cell to infect a neighboring cell.

Front 104

The main human pathogen in the Chlamydia genus is:

Back 104

Chlamydia trachomatis

Front 105

What is the reservoir for Chlamydia trachomatis?

Back 105

Humans only.

Front 106

How is Chlamydia trachomatis transmitted?

Back 106

Between body secretions that carry the Elementary bodies and mucous membranes.

Front 107

In the U.S., Chlamydia trachomatis is usually considered a:

Back 107

Sexually Transmitted Disease, affecting the genital mucosa.

Front 108

What are the 2 strains of Chlamydia trachomatis?

Back 108

trachoma & lymphogranuloma venereum

Front 109

When we are talking about Chlamydia trachomatis without specifying, we are talking about this strain:

Back 109

the trachoma strain.

Front 110

The most common Chlamydia trachomatis infection is from the strain:

Back 110

trachoma

Front 111

Describe the trachoma infection targets:

Back 111

He attacks the mucous membranes of the eyes, genitourinary tract, & lungs.

Front 112

Describe the lymphogranuloma venereum infection targets:

Back 112

He causes a disfiguring disease of the external genitalia & inguinal lymph nodes.

Front 113

How common is a Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum infection?

Back 113

it is extremely rare.

Front 114

A Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the eye is called:

Back 114

Ocular trachoma

Front 115

How is Ocular trachoma transmitted?

Back 115

through contaminated fingers, fomites, & mechanical vectors (flies).

Front 116

Chlamydia trachomatis is mainly an STD in the U.S., but around the world he is mainly an ________ infection.

Back 116

Chlamydia trachomatis is mainly an STD in the U.S., but around the world he is mainly an EYE infection.

Front 117

Chlamydia trachomatis is a major cause of ___________ around the world.

Back 117

Blindness

Front 118

What country is having a major problem with Chlamydia trachomatis causing blindness in children?

Back 118

Egypt

Front 119

How can you differentiate conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis from that caused by Hemophilus aegyptius?

Back 119

Conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis gives a white pebbled appearance to the conjunctiva.

Front 120

Describe Inclusion Conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis:

Back 120

Inclusion Conjunctivitis occurs in newborns born to mothers that have an active genital infection.

Front 121

How common are STDs caused by Chlamydia in the U.S.?

Back 121

Chlamydial STDs are the 2nd most common STD in the U.S.

Front 122

Describe the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis:

Back 122

about 10% of people carry Chlamydia trachomatis in their genital tract.
-around 50% of infected men and 75% of infected women are asymptomatic.

Front 123

Since Chlamydia trachomatis is so commonly asymptomatic, it can lead to:

Back 123

chronic infections that can cause PID and sterility.

Front 124

Chlamydial STDs often present as a mixed infection with:

Back 124

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Front 125

Describe the male Chlamydial STD infection:

Back 125

the Elementary bodies infect the mucous membranes of the urethra.

Front 126

What are the symptoms of the male Chlamydial genital infections:

Back 126

Well, 50% of males are asymptomatic, but when there are symptoms they are:
-Painful urination
-Clear or yellow discharge

Front 127

How can you distinguish Chlamydia from Gonorrhoea?

Back 127

Chlamydia produces a clear or yellow discharge, while Gonorrhoea produces copious amounts of white puss.

Front 128

The Chlamydial STD is also called:

Back 128

Non-Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU)

Front 129

What are the symptoms of the female Chlamydial genital infections:

Back 129

Well, 75% of females are asymptomatic, but when there are symptoms they are:
-Painful urination
-Painful sexual contact
-Clear or yellow discharge goes unnoticed.

Front 130

Define Pelvic Inflammatory Disease:

Back 130

Long-term infection of the female reproductive tract.

Front 131

The #1 cause of PID is:
The #2 cause of PID is:

Back 131

The #1 cause of PID is: Chlamydia
The #2 cause of PID is: Gonorrhoeae

Front 132

The #1 DIAGNOSED STD in the U.S. is:

Back 132

Chlamydia

Front 133

Describe the Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum strain (LGV) infection:

Back 133

The bacteria invades the lymphatic tissue of the genitalia and form a bubo in the inguinal lymph nodes. The bubo eventually bursts, leaving a lesion on the skin surface.

Front 134

Chlamydia trachomatis lymphogranuloma venereum infections are most common in which counties?

Back 134

South America, Africa, & Asia.

Front 135

What are some other Chlamydia species pathogens?

Back 135

Chlamydia pneumoniae & Chlamydia psittaci

Front 136

Chlamydia pneumoniae causes:

Back 136

an atypical pneumonia that is mild, but can be serious for asthma patients.

Front 137

Chlamydia psittaci causes:

Back 137

an ornithosis, which is a zoonosis transmitted to humans from bird vectors.

Front 138

Describe Chlamydia psittaci infection in birds:

Back 138

It is highly communicable between birds.

Front 139

How is Chlamydia psittaci transmitted by humans:
-Symptoms:

Back 139

By inhaling bird feces. It causes pneumonia or flu-like symptoms with fever & lung congestion.