Micro 2 Lecture 17

Front 1

Resistance to an infectious agent due to prior contact with that agent.

Back 1

Acquired Immunity

Front 2

What are the different types of Immunity?

Back 2

-Natural vs Artificial Immunity
-Active vs Passive Immunity

Front 3

The immunity acquired via life experience:

Back 3

Natural Immunity

Front 4

Immunity acquired via a medical procedure:

Back 4

Artificial Immunity (Immunization)

Front 5

Immunity that activates B & T Cells and produces memory cells.

Back 5

Active Immunity

Front 6

Immunity that does not activate B & T Cells nor produce memory cells.

Back 6

Passive Immunity

Front 7

The type of immunity that gives you long term protection is:

Back 7

Active Immunity

Front 8

The type of immunity that gives you immediate protection:

Back 8

Passive Immunity

Front 9

An example of Natural / Passive immunity would be:

Back 9

Breast Feeding

Front 10

Immunization method that provides Artificial Passive Immunity:

Back 10

Immunotherapy

Front 11

Immunization method that provides Artificial Active Immunity:

Back 11

Vaccination

Front 12

Describe Immunotherapy:

Back 12

Giving antibodies to a patient. (provides immediate, short-term protection)

Front 13

Vaccination is giving something that is _________ but not __________.

Back 13

Vaccination is giving something that is ANTIGENIC but not PATHOGENIC.

Front 14

What are the two types of Immunotherapy:

Back 14

Immune Serum Globulin & Specific Immune Globulin

Front 15

Immune Serum Globulin is AKA:

Back 15

Gamma globulin

Front 16

Contains a diverse mix of immunoglobulin extracted from the pooled blood of at least 1,000 human donors.

Back 16

Immune Serum Globulin

Front 17

Prepared from convalescent patients in a hyperimmune state.
-Contains a high titer of specific Ab.

Back 17

Specific immune globulin

Front 18

Which type of Immunotherapy would immunocompromised people likely get?

Back 18

Immune Serum Globulin

Front 19

People with this disease would benefit from Immune Serum Globulin.

Back 19

Agammaglobulinemia

Front 20

How long does the gamma globulin treatment last?

Back 20

2-3 months

Front 21

What is Specific Immune Globulin used for?

Back 21

as a prophylaxis for exposed patients. (this is what anti-venom is)

Front 22

If you have a patient that has tetanus and you want to protect them immediately, what do you give them?

Back 22

Specific Immune Globulin treatment (that has Tetanus antibodies)

Front 23

What is the goal of vaccination?

Back 23

To provide an antigenic stimulus that does not cause disease but can produce long lasting, protective immunity.

Front 24

The history of Vaccination goes back to the year ____ and a man named:

Back 24

1796; Edward Jenner

Front 25

What did Edward Jenner do?

Back 25

He inoculated a boy with the cowpox virus, the boy was then protected from smallpox.

Front 26

The goal for Vaccination is to:

Back 26

stimulated the immune system by being antigenic but not pathogenic and make memory B Cells & T Cells.

Front 27

What are the two old school forms of vaccines?

Back 27

Killed whole cell vaccines &
Live, attenuated vaccines.

Front 28

Vaccine made by killing viruses or bacteria with heat or chemicals:

Back 28

Killed whole cell vaccine

Front 29

Vaccine made by mutating a live bacteria or virus to make it less virulent:

Back 29

Live, attenuated vaccine

Front 30

What are the risks for using a Live, attenuated vaccine?

Back 30

-requires special storage
-can be transmitted
-can back-mutate into a pathogen.

Front 31

What are the benefits for using a Live, attenuated vaccine?

Back 31

-because it's alive, it can multiply and stimulate a HUGE immune response.
-lasts a long time

Front 32

What is an example of a currently used Killed Whole Cell Vaccine?

Back 32

Influenza vaccine

Front 33

What are some examples of a currently used Live, attenuated Vaccines?

Back 33

TB vaccine, Measles vaccine

Front 34

What are some examples of newer vaccines?

Back 34

Subunit vaccines
Recombinant vaccines
DNA vaccines

Front 35

Vaccine that contains subcellular parts of the antigen, ie. some piece of antigenic determinant is used.

Back 35

Subunit vaccine

Front 36

The pneumococcus vaccine uses just the capsule from Strep Pneumonia and is an example of a ___________ vaccine.

Back 36

Subunit Vaccine

Front 37

Vaccine where they use the inactivated toxin:
Example:

Back 37

Toxoid vaccine
Example: the current Tetanus vaccine

Front 38

The toxoid vaccine is a type of ___________ vaccine.

Back 38

Subunit Vaccine

Front 39

Vaccine where you put the gene for the antigenic determinant into a cloning host, the cloning host produces just the antigenic determinant.
Example:

Back 39

Recombinant Vaccine
Example: Hep B vaccine

Front 40

Recombinant Vaccines are AKA:

Back 40

Trojan Horse Vaccines

Front 41

Vaccine where the gene for an antigenic determinant is taken from a pathogen, put onto a plasmid, and then the plasmid is injected into the patient. The patients cells then make the antigenic determinant.

Back 41

DNA Vaccine

Front 42

What is the benefit of the DNA vaccine?

Back 42

it can produce a huge immune response, since the the patient could be producing the antigenic determinant for years.

Front 43

Benefits vs Risks of Vaccination: Benefits

Back 43

-Vaccinated individual
-Herd Immunity
-Prevent Epidemics

Front 44

A high % of the population is vaccinated, therefore the unvaccinated are protected:

Back 44

Herd Immunity

Front 45

Who benefits most from Herd Immunity?

Back 45

-young babies (too young to be vaccinated)
-Elderly
-Those who choose not to be vaccinated
-Non Take (got the vaccine but didn't form Memory cells)

Front 46

Benefits vs Risks of Vaccination: Risks

Back 46

-Allergic reactions
-Contamination to Vaccine Prep.
-Back-mutation of Attenuated vaccine (happened with Polio)
-Swelling of the brain (measles)

Front 47

Ways to diagnose an infection:

Back 47

-Symptoms & Epidemiology
-Phenotype of an Isolated Pathogen
-Genotype of a pathogen
-Immunological tests (Serology)

Front 48

The diagnostic technique used depends on:

Back 48

The patient, the suspected pathogen, and the available resources.

Front 49

Diagnostics: Symptoms & Epidemiology
Describe using them to diagnose.

Back 49

-Patients signs & symptoms might be such that an immediate diagnosis is possible (chickenpox)
-Patients background helps
-Current outbreaks in the area can help diagnosis.

Front 50

Diagnostics: Phenotypic Methods can include:

Back 50

-Colony Morphology
-Microscopic Morphology
-Physiological and biochemical Characteristics

Front 51

Phenotypic Methods:
-Colony descriptions and growth on selective and or differential media describes:

Back 51

Colony Morphology

Front 52

Phenotypic Methods:
-Gram reaction, shape, arrangement, Acid fast, cellular structures etc. describes:

Back 52

Microscopic Morphology

Front 53

Phenotypic Methods:
-Presence of certain enzymes and ability to digest certain things or resistance to certain chemicals/drugs etc. describes:

Back 53

Physiological and biochemical Characteristics

Front 54

Phenotypic Methods:
Direct examination can include:

Back 54

-Acid fast stain from sputum sample
-Direct Fluorescent Antibody Test

Front 55

Test where a sample is put on a slide and antibodies for a the pathogen suspected are added. The antibodies have a fluorescents tag on them. If it glows it is positive.

Back 55

Direct Fluorescents Antibody Test

Front 56

The cultivation of some species can ID some pathogens when grown on:

Back 56

selective and/or differential media

Front 57

Chromagar is used to diagnose:

Back 57

UTIs

Front 58

If you did the following you would be using which category of Phenotypic Diagnosis?

Inoculate a specimen into media to test for metabolic enzymes & biochemical abilities to identify it.

Back 58

Physiological and biochemical Characteristics

Front 59

Diagnostics: Genotype of a pathogen
Methods can include:

Back 59

-Hybridization
-PCR

Front 60

Using the Genotype to diagnose by using a primer to attach to a gene only found in that organism:

Back 60

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Front 61

Diagnostics:
Immunological tests (Serology) to diagnose a pathogen can include:

Back 61

-Place known antigen in test tube with patients serum
-Place known Antibodies on isolated antigens from patient.
Agglutination test
Precipitation test
Western Blot test
Complement fixation test
ELIZA

Front 62

In vitro diagnostic testing of Serum.

Back 62

Serology

Front 63

In Serology, you're either searching for:

Back 63

Antigens or Antibodies in the patients Serum

Front 64

What are the benefits of Serological tests?

Back 64

They provide incredible Specificity and Sensitivity. Antibodies are very specific and they can also work if the antigen solution is very diluted (sensitivity)

Front 65

When you use Antibodies to cross-link WHOLE CELL antigen, forming clumps that are visible:

Back 65

Agglutination tests (Serology)

Front 66

When you use Antibodies to cross-link PARTICULATE antigen, forming complexes that form precipitates:

Back 66

Precipitation tests (serology)

Front 67

Serological test most commonly used for HIV, where you take HIV, grind it up, and run it on gel electrophoresis. You then place patients antibodies on it. If the antibodies bind to the HIV you know the patient has HIV.

Back 67

Western Blot Test

Front 68

The Western Blot test is essentially looking for:

Back 68

Antibodies in the patients sample.

Front 69

Serological test where the Patient's serum is examined for antibodies to a particular antigen that "fix complement"

Back 69

Complement Fixation test.

Front 70

Describe the complement fixation test.

Back 70

Antigen is added to patient's blood. Then compliment is added in.
-If the patient is Neg. for the pathogen: he will not have ab to bind to the ag so compliment will destroy RBCs.
-If the patient is Pos. for the pathogen: his ab will bind to ag. Compliment will then bind to the ab (fixation) so no lysis of the RBC will occur.

Front 71

A direct ELIZA detects:

Back 71

detects ANTIGENS in you patient's serum using a specific ab

Front 72

Describe the direct ELIZA:

Back 72

You add a patients serum to a tray with little cups. Then you add two antibodies: one will attach to the antigen in the patient's, the second will change color if the reaction is pos.

Front 73

An indirect ELIZA detects:

Back 73

detects ANTIBODIES in a patient's serum using a specific ag.

Front 74

Describe the indirect ELIZA:

Back 74

You add a patient's serum to a tray with little cups. Then you add a known ag. Binding will occur if the patient is Pos. You add a second ab that will bind to the first and cause color change.