Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the two morphologies of fungi?
|
yeasts & hyphae
|
|
|
Describe yeast:
|
round ovoid shape; asexual reproduction
|
|
|
Describe hyphae:
|
long filamentous fungi or molds
|
|
|
Describe dimorphic fungi:
|
Some fungi are ALWAYS a yeast, some are ALWAYS growing in hyphae; some can go either way. Dimorphic fungi can go either way.
|
|
|
What are characteristically dimorphic?
|
fungal pathogens
|
|
|
Form of biology that deals with the form and structure of animals and plants:
|
morphology
|
|
|
The process that yeasts use for reproduction is called?
|
budding
|
|
|
When yeast cells are clung together, not fully releasing after budding, this is called a:
|
psudohypha
|
|
|
the long multi-cellular filaments of a mold are called:
|
hyphae
|
|
|
A mass of hyphae is called:
|
mycelium
|
|
|
cross walls in the hyphae are called:
|
-septa
|
|
|
so a cross walled hyphae is called a:
example: |
-septate hyphae
Example= Penicillium |
|
|
a non-cross walled hyphae is called a:
example: |
-nonseptate hyphae
Example= Rhizopus |
|
|
All fungi are _________, NEVER __________. (where they get their carbon)
|
heterotrophs; photosynthetic
|
|
|
How do the majority of fungi get their nutrition?
|
as saprobes, getting their nutrition from dead plants and animals
|
|
|
Are there any fungal obligate parasites?
|
NO, there are parasitic fungi living off of living organisms, but they don't HAVE to.
|
|
|
What handles cold & acidity better? Fungi or bacteria?
|
Fungi
|
|
|
Describe asexual spore formation in Fungi:
|
Spores are formed through:
-budding in yeasts or -conidia or sporangiospores in molds |
|
|
Describe sexual reproduction in Fungi:
|
following fusion of + & - strains and formation of sexual structure, Spores are formed
|
|
|
Are all molds capable of asexual reproduction?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Are most if not ALL molds capable of sexual reproduction?
|
Yes
|
|
|
Describe asexual fungi reproduction in terms of the genetic relationship of parent to offspring:
|
In asexual reproduction, a SINGLE parent will produce offspring that will be genetically identical to that parent.
|
|
|
Describe sexual fungi reproduction in terms of the genetic relationship of parent to offspring:
|
In sexual reproduction, TWO parents will produce offspring that will be a genetic combination of the two parents genes.
|
|
|
Which type of asexual mold spores form inside a sac at the end of a hyphae?
|
Sporangiospores
|
|
|
Which type of asexual mold spores form as little pieces of the hyphae break off the end forming the spore?
|
Conidia
|
|
|
What is the difference between Sporangiospores and Conidia?
|
Sporangiospores form inside of sacs.
|
|
|
What is used to classify fungus?
|
the sexual spore
|
|
|
What is the kingdom of fungi?
|
myceteae
|
|
|
What are the 4 phylum (divisions) of fungi?
|
1) Zygomycota
2) Ascomycota 3) Basidiomycota 4) Chytridomycota |
|
|
What does division =?
|
phylum
|
|
|
How do we classify what phylum or division a fungus belongs to?
|
according to the sexual spore they produce
|
|
|
What type of sexual spore do Zygomycota produce?
|
zygospores
|
|
|
What are female and male called in the fungal world?
|
+ strain and - strain
|
|
|
What type of sexual spore do Ascomycota produce?
|
ascospores
|
|
|
What type of sexual spores do Basidiomycota produce?
|
basidiospores
|
|
|
What type of sexual spores do Chytridomycota produce?
|
zoospores
|
|
|
What are some ways that fungi are beneficial?
|
-decomposition
-source of antibiotics -used in genetic & foods studies |
|
|
What are some adverse impacts of fungi?
|
-food spoilage
-mycoses (fungal infection) -toxin production |
|
|
what is aflatoxin?
|
particular type of fungal toxin known to grow around grain.
|
|
|
Two types of superficial mycoses:
|
-Dermatophytes &
-Candida albicans |
|
|
superficial mycoses that: infecting the skin or hair, cause ringworm / tinea.
-digests keratin |
Dermatophytes
|
|
|
superficial mycoses that: infecting mucous membranes, causes candidiasis or yeast infections.
|
Candida albicans
|
|
|
Who is at the greatest risk for a Candida albicans infection?
|
-infants,
-anti-biotic users -immune-compromised (HIV patients & elderly) |
|
|
type of subcutaneous fungal mycoses:
|
Sporothrix schenckii
|
|
|
mycoses that enters the bloodstream via cuts and creates painful nodules beneath the skin (rose gardener's disease)
|
Sporothrix schenckii
|
|
|
4 Types of systemic fungal mycoses that can cause traumatic lung infections when their spores are inhaled.
|
-Coccidioides immitis (San Joaquin Valley fever)
-Blastomyces dermatitides (Chicago disease) -Histoplasma capsulatum (Ohio Valley fever) -Cryptococcus neoformas (Cryptococcis) |
|
|
describe the process of Coccidioides immitis (San Joaquin Valley fever):
|
-lung infection
-cold / flu symptoms -fungus spreads from lungs throughout the body |
|
|
what kingdom are algae and protozoa in?
|
Protista
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of the sub-kingdom algae?
|
-uni/multicellular/ colonial
-photosynthetic (photoautotrophs) -water associated -No tissue differentiation -most have a cell wall -mostly free living |
|
|
How are algae classified?
|
Algae are classified by:
-pigments -food storage -cell wall structure |
|
|
Agar is isolated from which group of algae?
|
Rhodophyta
|
|
|
Group of algae that store oil; source of petroleum oil.
|
Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)
|
|
|
Group of algae of medical relevance; cause red tides.
|
Dinoflagellates
|
|
|
What are some important impacts of algae?
|
-Provide the basis of the food web in most aquatic habitats. (plankton)
-Produce a large portion of atmospheric O2 -Used for cosmetics, food & medical products Dinoflagellates cause red tides & release toxins causing paralytic shellfish poisoning. |
|
|
What are the characteristics of the sub-kingdom protozoa?
|
-always unicellular
-NEVER photosynthetic -chemoheterotroph -most are motile -most are free-living, but there are some parasites |
|
|
what is the life cycle of the protozoan?
|
the protozoan alternates between:
cyst & trophozoite |
|
|
describe the life-cycle of the protozoan & how the environment influences the process:
|
|
|
|
How are protozoan classified?
What are the classifications? |
by form of motility:
-Flagellates = flagella -Amoeba = pseudopods -Apicomplexa = non-modal parasites w/ complex life-cycle. -Ciliates = cilia |
|
|
Which weird parasite never goes through the cyst stage ? What classification?
|
Trichomonas vaginalis; classification = flagellate pathogen
|
|
|
intestinal parasite transmitted via contaminated water:
What classification? |
Giardia lamblia
classification = flagellate pathogen |
|
|
A blood parasites that relies on an insect vector:
What classification? |
Trypanosomas
classification = flagellate pathogen |
|
|
blood parasite that causes Chagas disease in South America via the reduvid bug.
What classification? |
Trypanosomas cruzi
classification = flagellate pathogen |
|
|
describe amoeboid motion:
|
the amoeba sends out projection called a pseudopod and the rest "slurps" towards the pseudopod.
|
|
|
pathogen that causes amebic dysentery (an infection found worldwide)
Classification? |
Entamoeba histolytica
Classification = Amoeba pathogen |
|
|
type of Ciliate pathogen that can infect human intestines and cause diarrhea:
|
Balantidium coli
|
|
|
are there many Ciliate pathogens?
|
no, there are very few.
|
|
|
4 different species of the ___________ genus cause malaria via a mosquito vector:
classification? |
4 species of the Plasmodium genus
classification = Apicomplexa pathogen |
|
|
Describe the characteristics of the Plasmodium genus life-cycle:
|
-Plasmodium alternates between 2 forms: sporozoite & merozoite
-Plasmodium alternates between asexual & sexual reproduction -Plasmodium alternates between 2 hosts: mosquito & human |
|
|
Describe the process of Plasmodium infection & its life-cycle:
|
|
|
|
Describe the classification of Helminths from Domain down:
|
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia |
|
|
Are all Helminths parasitic?
|
yes; Helminth = parasitic worm
|
|
|
describe Helminth characteristics:
|
|
|
|
describe the Helminth life-cycle
|
egg; larva; adult
|
|
|
What are the 3 classifications of Helminths?
What are they classified by? |
2 types of flatworms:
-segmented: Cestodes (tapeworms) & unsegmented: Trematodes (flukes) and roundworms: -Nematodes They are classified by: body structure |
|
|
Describe flatworm characteristics:
|
flat, no definite body cavity;absorb nutrients through their cuticle
|
|
|
What are the 2 different types of flatworms?
|
1) cestodes (tapeworms): segmented flatworms
2) trematodes or flukes: flattened, non-segmented worms w/ "sucking mouth parts. |
|
|
Describe roundworm (nematode) characteristics:
|
round, a complete digestive tract, spines & hooks on mouth attach to the host.
|
|
|
Cestode species that is infective to humans via meat infected with larva. The larva develop into an adult tapeworm in the human. (beef tapeworm)
Pork tapeworm? |
Taenia saginata
Pork tapeworm = Taenia solium |
|
|
What happens if the human ingests the tapeworm egg instead of the larva?
|
since the egg is motile, the egg could migrate anywhere; eye, bladder, muscle, brain...
|
|
|
Flukes are usually named after what?
|
the body part they infect, ie. liver fluke, lung fluke, blood fluke, etc.
|
|
|
Trematodes have a complicated life-cycle; what is often required during the life-cycle?
|
an aquatic host
|
|
|
What is the genus of blood flukes?
|
Schistosoma
|
|
|
The most common worm infection in the U.S. is the:
|
the pinworm, Enterobius vermicularis
|
|
|
the most widespread worm infection worldwide is the:
|
roundworm species Ascaris
|
