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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In the Eukaryotic cell, the flagellum is made of?
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microtubules
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What is the arrangement of the Eukaryote flagella?
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9+2 arrangement; 9 pairs of microtubules around the outside of the flagella with 1 pair in the center
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The flagella of the Eukaryote is completely covered by the:
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cell membrane
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does a Eukaryotic flagella rotate?
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no, the flagella would break.
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Describe Eukaryote flagella movement:
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whipping back and forth.
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What is the purpose of the Eukaryotic flagella?
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motility
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Structures on the outside of some Eukaryotes; structurally similar to flagella but shorter and more numerous.
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Cilia
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what is the function of Cilia?
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motility, feeding & filtering.
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how common are Cilia?
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Not very common, only found on a single group of protozoa & on certain animal cells. ie. respiratory cells.
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What arrangement do Cilia have?
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9+2 just like flagella.
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Outer layer of Eukaryotes that comes into direct contact with the environment.
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glycocalyx
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What is the glycocalyx usually composed of (what type of carbohydrate)?
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polysaccharides
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What are the functions of the glycocalyx? Biggest function?
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adherence, protection, & sending & receiving signals
Biggest function= sending & receiving signals |
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Despite the vast differences in Eukaryotic cell walls, what's always true about the cell wall of all Eukaryotic cells?
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it provides: Rigid, structural support & shape
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What are the cell walls made of in plants and fungi?
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largely chitin or cellulose
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What are the cell walls made of in ALGAE?
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algae cell walls vary significantly in chemical composition: some include:
cellulose, pectin, silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate. |
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Do animal cells have a cell wall?
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no
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cell membrane characteristics:
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-phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins & carbs
-selectively permeable & assist in transport -contain sterols |
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Is the outer side of the cell membrane hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
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the outer side is hydrophilic; the inner side is hydrophobic.
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What is the biggest difference between the cell membranes of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?
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Eukaryotes have sterols in their cell membranes, Prokaryotes do not. (there's one exception; mycoplasma, which has sterols for rigidity instead of peptidoglycan)
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What do sterols confer?
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stability; they provide rigidity to the cell membrane.
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Are the same sterols found in the cell membranes of all Eukaryotes?
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no, animals have cholesterol, which plants don't have.
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What is the problem with to much cholesterol in your diet?
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your cell membranes get too rigid.
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The two layers of membrane around the nucleus is called the?
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nuclear envelope
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what are the holes in the nuclear envelope called? What are they made of?
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nuclear pores; protein
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What is inside the nucleus? What are individual segments of DNA called?
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DNA; chromosomes
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The dark part in the center of the nucleus is called the?
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Nucleolus
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What is made in the nucleolus?
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RNA & early ribosome assembly
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extending off/ connected to the nucleus is the:
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endoplasmic reticulum
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the two different types of endoplasmic reticulum are:
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) & Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
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what makes rough endoplasmic reticulum "rough?"
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the ribosomes on it's surface
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what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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protein synthesis and packaging
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what do the ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
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the ribosomes synthesize proteins and squirt them into the lumen of the RER, which will later be excreted.
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name the two subunits of 80s ribosomes?
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40s + 60s subunits = 80s
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What is the job of ribosomes?
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protein synthesis
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What are the two different kinds of ribosomes in the Eukaryotic cell?
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free ribosomes & bound ribosomes
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describe bound ribosomes:
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they are the ribosomes that are attached to the surface of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
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Which type of ribosomes synthesize proteins that will be excreted from the cell?
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bound ribosomes
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Where are free ribosomes found?
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floating around in the cytoplasm
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Which type of ribosomes synthesize proteins that will stay in the cell?
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free ribosomes
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What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum connected to?
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both the nuclear envelope of the nucleus and the RER
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What is the job of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?
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-synthesis & storage of lipids & storage of Calcium
-all new membrane is originally made in the SER |
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Organelle that consists of a stacks of flattened membranes called cisternae; is NOT connected to any other of the membrane systems; stands on its own.
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Golgi Apparatus
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What is the job of the Golgi Apparatus?
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Modify, Mature, sort & transport proteins.
-The "FedEx" of the cell. |
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A sac of membrane containing something inside of it...
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Vesicle
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A type of vesicle that contains digestive enzymes.
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lysosomes
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The framework inside the Eukaryotic cell made up of proteins, microfilaments, & microtubules.
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Cytoskeleton
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What are the 4 jobs of the cytoskeleton?
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-anchoring organelles
-provides cell structure & support -transport (like monorail system) -assisting motility (flagella) |
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What part of the cytoskeleton also extends out to form the flagella?
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microtubules
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What part of the cytoskeleton form a scaffolding network and give the cell shape?
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microtubules
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protein strands that line the inside of the Eukaryotic cell; can expand & contract; change shape of cell, cause movement (amoebas)
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microfilaments
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Describe Mitochondria
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-contains circular DNA and 70s ribosomes
-divides independently of the cell -has two membranes -Cristae in inner membrane that hold the enzymes for ATP production |
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organelle found in algae and plant cells that has:
-two membranes -site of photosynthesis -divides independently of cell -contains circular DNA & 70s ribosomes |
Chloroplast
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What are the folds in the inner membrane of the chloroplasts called?
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Thylakoids
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What is the job of the Chloroplast?
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photosynthesis
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What does photosynthesis require and therefore what do all photosynthetic cells have in common?
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pigments; they are all pigmented.
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Describe the theory of Endosymbiosis:
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-Pieces of cell membrane pinch off and surround nucleoid, forming early nucleus
-Larger Prokaryote absorbed a smaller prokaryote -they both benefit from the relationship |
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Who synthesized the theory of Endosymbiosis?
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Lynn Margulis
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What evidence supports the theory that both mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic cells living inside of another cell?
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both mitochondria & chloroplasts:
-have two membranes -carry their own DNA (which is circular w/ 70s ribosomes) like a prokaryote -divide independently of the larger cell -DNA sequence analysis shows they have more DNA in common w/ bacteria than with DNA inside their cell. |
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the folds of the endoplasmic reticulum are called:
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cisternae
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the folds of the Golgi apparatus are called:
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cisternae
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the folds of the mitochondria are called:
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cristae
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the folds of the chloroplast, which are disc-like sacs, are called:
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thylakoids
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