Micro 2 Biology Of Microrganisms

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lack a nucleus

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prokaryotic cells

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have a true nucleus
membrane bound organelles

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eurkarytotic cells

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among the smallest of all organisms

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prokaryotic cells

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3 shapes of prokaryotic cells

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spherical- coccus
rod-like- bacillus
spiral- vibrio, spirochete

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grape ike clusters

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staphylo

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genus mycoplasma...

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lack a cell wall

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have thick peptidoglycan layer

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gram positive bacteria

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have a thin peptidogylan layer

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gram negative bacteria

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large and contain a variety ofhighly differentiated structures

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eurakotic cells

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powerhouse of the eurokytic cells

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mitochondria

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gives the cell it's shape

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cell membrane

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serve as sites for protein syntesis

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ribosomes

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consists mainly of DNA ,has some RNA & protein associated with it

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nuclear region/ nucleoid

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sometimes know as chromatophores or mesosomes

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internal membrane systems

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small bodies in the cytoplasm

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inclusions

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help the organism survive

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endospores

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help bacteria move

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flagella

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cause rigid spirochetes to rotate like a corkscrew

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axial filaments

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used to attach bacteria to surfaces

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pili

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include capsules & slime layers

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Glycocalyx substances

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Larger 7 more complex than prokaryotic cells. They contain a variety of highly differentiated
structures.

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eurokarytic cells

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similar to the cell membranes of Pro cells but they are less versatile & contain a
greater variety of lipids

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plasma membrane - eurokarytic cell

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semi-fluid substance consisting mainly of water

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cytoplasms eurokary.

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contains DNA and RNA

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cell nucleus- eurokary

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carry out photosynthesis

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choroplasts-eurokary

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forms the vesicles that transport lipids & proteins to the Golgi app.

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endoplastic recticulim- euroary

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contain digestive enzymes that digest the substances in vacuoles

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lysosomes- eurokary

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oxidize amino acids in animal cells & fats in plant cells

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Peroxisomes- eurokary

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store materials to be used for energy

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vacuoles- eurokary

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supports & gives rigidity & shape to the cell

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cytoskeleton- eurokary

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states that the organelles of eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotic cells that
developed symbiotic relationships with the eukaryote-to-be

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endosymbiont theory

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i.The mitochondria & chloroplasts are about the same size as prokaryotic cells
ii. Both the mitochondri & chloroplasts contain their own DNA that resembles the DNA of modern
bacteria
iii. Protein synthesis in eukaryotic ribosomes is similar to the process found in bacteria

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Evidence for the endosymbiont theory

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simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion or osmosis

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passive

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endocytosis & exocytosis

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active

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the net movement of particles from a region of higher to lower concentration

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simple diffusion

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diffusion down a concentration gradient & across a membrane with the assistance
of special pores or carrier molecules

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facillitated diffusion

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diffusion in which water molecules diffuse across a selectively-permeable membrane

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osmosis

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moves molecules & ions against concentration gradients form regions of ¯ concentration
to regions of ­ concentration – requires the cell to expend energy.

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active transport

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invagination of the plasma membrane forms vesicles, moving substances into cell

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endocytosis

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vesicles inside cell fuse with the plasma membrane & release contents from the cell

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exocytosis

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an organism that lives at the expense of another organism, the host

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parasite

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parasites that cause disease

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pathogen

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the study of parasites, which typically include protozoa, helminths and arthropods

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parasitology

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agents of parasites transmisson

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vectors

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reproduce sexually in definitive hosts and spend other life stages in intermediate hosts.

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parasites

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can transmit parasites to humans

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reservoir hosts

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refers to the number of different hosts in which a parasite can mature.

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host specifically

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eukaryotic, & most are unicellular, can be autotrophic, heterotrophic or parasitic. important in food chains as producers & decomposers; they can be economically beneficial or
detrimental.

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protists

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Plant-like= euglenoids, diatoms & dinoflagellates
o Fungus-like= water molds & slime molds
o Animal-like= protozoa (mastigophorans, sarcondines, apicomplexans, &
ciliates).
Saprophytes are organisms that feed on dead matter.

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ex. protists

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are saprophytes or parasites that generally have a mycelium – a loosely organized mass consisting of
thread-life hyphae., reproduce sexually or asexually

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fungi

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Bread molds
o Sac fungi
o Club fungi
o Fungi Imperfecti

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ex. fungi- sexual stage has not been identified

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are bilaterally symmetrical and have head & tail ends & differentiated tissue layers.

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helminths

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2 groups – the flatworms & the roundworms (nematodes) contain parasitic species

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parasitic helminths

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have a simple digestive tract with one opening & are hermaphroditic. They include tape and fluke

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Flatworms lack a coelom,

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separate sexes and a cylindrical body. They include hookworms,
pinworms & other parasites of the intestinal tract & lymphatics.

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Roundworms have a pseudocoelom,

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have jointed chitinous exoskeletions, segmented bodies & jointed appendages

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arthropods

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arthropods include some arachnids & insects, a few crustacean also serve as intermediate
hosts for human parasites.

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parasitic and vector

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have 8 legs – they include scorpions, spiders, ticks & mites

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arachnids

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have 6 legs, they include lice, fleas, flies, mosquitoes & true bugs

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insects

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are generally aquatic arthropods, typically with a pair of appendages on each segments, they
include crayfish, crabs & copepods.

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crustaceans

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breaking down reactions

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catabolism...form of metabolism

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building up reactions

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anabolism- form of metabolism

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chemical energy

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ATP

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breaking down reactions; produce small precursor molecules, reducing power, and
ATP; often hydrolytic reactions (use water to break bonds).

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catabolic reactions

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building up reactions; anabolic reactions use precursor molecules, reducing power, and
ATP from catabolic reactions to build larger molecules in the cell.

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anabolic reactions

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12 precursor molecules are put together to produce building blocks (ex. amino acids

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biosynthesis

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building blocks are joined together to form macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids,
polysaccharides, peptidoglycan); ex. amino acids form a protein, nucleotides form DNA.

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polymerization

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macromolecules are assembled into biological structures; ex. peptidoglycan forms a cell wall.

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assembly

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cells use this as catalysts, they react on sspecific substrates

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enzymes

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some enzymes consist of a protein potion and a molecule called a

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cofactor or coenzyme

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removal of electrons

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oxidation

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addition of electrons

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reduction

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3 ways ATP is generated

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substreate level, oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport system and photophosphorylation

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prinicpal compound that stores energy in all cells

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ATP

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prinmary energy source for most living things

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monosaccharide glucose

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glucose splitting into pyruvic acid

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glycosis

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first step in aerobic or anaerobic metabolism

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glycosis

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Eurokary cell membranes lack?

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sterols

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peptidoglycan layer of a cell wall formed

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of repeating moleculs of gluNAc and murNAc

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dioicolinic acid is commonly associated with

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endospores coats

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bacteria flagella

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form a hook after leaving the cell