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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is passive immunization?
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when you introduce something that will do the job on its own
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what is the best example of passive imminuzation?
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AB to snake venom
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what type of vaccines are adjuvants not used with?
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live attenuated
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what is used to keep a vaccine concentrated in one area to limit spread?
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adjuvant
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what type of vaccines are adjuvants used with?
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all active
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what is an emulsion of killed mycobacteria and mineral oil?
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Freund's complete
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Why is Freund's complete not used on humans?
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it causes so much inflammation it could be fatal
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what are 2 examples of human adjuvants?
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alum - a form of aluminum hydroxide
MF59 -an emulsion of squalene, oil, and water |
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what type of vaccine takes the organism and destroys its ability to replicated?
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killed/inactivated
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what 3 ways are killed vaccines inactivated and using what?
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chemical (formalin)
heat (autoclave) irradiation |
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what method of creating a killed vaccine is used more for viruses with smaller genomes than bacteria?
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irradiation
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what vaccine is safer than live-attenuated?
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killed vaccine
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in which vaccine do you need large quantities of inactivated pathogen?
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killed vaccine
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in which vaccine are you worried about suitability of genome for irradiation?
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killed vaccine
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in which vaccine are you worried about the health hazards of chemicals involved?
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killed vaccine
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in which vaccine is the pathogen inhibited in some fashion but still able to replicate?
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live attenuated
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what vaccine creation method involves forcing the virus to evolve so that it will only grow in one type of organism (eg monkey)?
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live attenuated
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what method for creating a live vaccine is easier for bacteria than viruses?
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direct manipulation (live attenuated)
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what are 2 methods for creating a live attenuated vaccine?
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forced evolution
direct manipulation |
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in a live attenuated vaccine, which genes will be removed from the bacteria?
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all genes involved in virulence but not required for growth
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why is it easier to manipulate the virulence of bacteria than viruses?
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many bacteria have virulence genes located in the plasmid separate from the genome
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why does the body respond better to live attenuated vaccine?
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if something is actively trying to replicate, it is an easier target
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in which vaccine are reversion mutants a concern?
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live attenuated vaccine
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what are reversion mutants?
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genes that were forced to evolve revert back to their original form; only one or two genes are needed to revert back for it to become immunogenic
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what is an example of a vaccine with reversion mutants?
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sabin polio
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in which vaccine will you take one piece of the pathogen and introduce that into the patient?
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subunit
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in which type of vaccine are the genes for proteins isolated and their encoded proteins produced in large quantities by recombinant techniques?
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protein subunit vaccine
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in which type of vaccine will the capsule of pathogenic bacteria be purified and used?
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polysaccharide subunit vaccine
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what type of vaccine elicits a T-independent response that is poor in children under 18 months?
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polusaccharide subunit
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what are a special category of protein subunit vaccines?
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toxoids
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what vaccine is treated like a killed vaccine so that the toxin loses its pathogenicity but still capable of generating an immune response?
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toxoids
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what vaccine protects you from the serious aspects of the disease rather than the organism itself?
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toxoids
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what type of vaccines are transient and unstable
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subunit DNA vaccines
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how are DNA vaccines recognized by the immune system?
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typically you grow these plasmids in bacteria that have different methylation patterns that help the immune system recognize them
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how do harmless viruses that are genetically modified work as a vaccine?
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the harmless virus acts as an adjuvant
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what type of vaccine turns a t-independent subunit vaccine into a t-dependent vaccine?
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conjugate
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in which vaccine will a viral/bacterial target be fused to a harmless but immunogenic protein that elicits a t-cell dependent response?
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conjugate
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which vaccine may have potentially no problems?
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conjugate
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what 3 routes of vaccination work best and why?
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mouth, nose or throat because most infections come in that way
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what 2 immune area are not fully developed in children under 2?
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marginal zone of spleen
germinal centers |
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what process typically happens after a b cell becomes activated that is slower in children?
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some b cells can stay in the lymph node and produce antibodies for 3-6 months while another set moves to the bone marrow and produces antibodies lifelong
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give 5 reasons why it is difficult to immunize infants
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poor t-independent antibody production
lower antibody responses to t-dependent protein vaccines short lived antibody responses to vaccines inhibitory effect of maternal antibodies altered t-cell responses |
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what is the problem with t cells being more active than b cells in babies?
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the t cells will get rid of the invader before the immune system can create memory
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which type of t cell response do children tend to be skewed toward?
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Th-2
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what was thought to cause autism but has not been used since 2001?
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thimerosol
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without a spleen what are people at most risk for?
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encapsulated bacteria
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what type of vaccine should not be given without a spleen?
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polysaccharide subunit vaccine
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