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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Obligate anaerobic, opportunistic pathogen
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bacteroides
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Normal flora of the digestive tract
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bacteroides
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Bacteroides
Escape _______ and then causes problems for humans |
intestinal tract
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______% of anaerobic infections are caused by Bacteroides
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80
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Infections any location of body usually associated with __________
(Bacteroides) |
abscess formation
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Most notable pathogen of the normal intestinal flora
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Bacteroides fragilis
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Non-spore forming; nonmotile
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B. fragilis
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Virulence factor: polysaccharide capsule
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B. fragilis
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GI surgery, perforated appendix, perforated intestinal ulcer, blunt and sharp trauma, diverticulitis, inflammatory bowel disease
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Incidences that allow infection to occur with B. fragilis
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Antibiotic therapy combined with surgical intervention
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treatment for B. fragilis
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Drug of choice for B. fragilis
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metronidazole
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simple I&D, complex procedures of the abdomen and pelvic cavity, bowel resection with drains
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surgery with B. fragilis
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Highly virulent anaerobe, secretes endotoxin
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Fusobacterium
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head and neck infections, chronic sinusitis, liver abscess, periodontitis, brain abscesses, abdominal cavity infections
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types of infections associated with Fusobacterium
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Disease associated with Fusobacterium
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Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) or "Trench Mouth"
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Treatment for Fusobacterium infections
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antibiotics that bacterium is susceptible to
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Bacteroides, B. fragilis, Fusobacterium:
Bowel technique practiced for procedures that compromise _________ and expose other areas of the body to the _______________ Such as ___________ and _____________ |
the integrity of the bowel; indigenous flora of the intestine; penetrating trauma; bowel resection
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Bacteroides, B. fragilis, Fusobacterium:
Other surgical procedures: __________ for surgical drainage of a brain abscess |
Craniotomy
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Bacteroides, B. fragilis, Fusobacterium:
Other surgical procedures: ___________ for other infections that require drainage |
Surgery
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anaerobi or aerotolerant; spore forming
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clostridium
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Where, in nature, is Clostridium found?
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Water, soil, sewage
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Where is Clostridium found in the human body?
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GI tract
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Spore formation providing ability to survive harsh conditions
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Virulence factor of Clostridium
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Production of enterotoxins, neurotoxins, and other toxins
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Virulence factor of Clostridium
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Rapid growth in an oxygen deficient but nutritionally rich environment
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Virulence factor of Clostridium
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C. perfringens can cause the sever and life-threatening ______________ infection.
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gas gangrene
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Type A: Found in the GI tract of humans and animals and also in the soil and water.
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C. perfringens
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Type A causes gas gangrene, _______________, and soft tissue infections.
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food poisoning
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Type B do not survive in __________ but primarily colonize in the ___________ of animals and rarely ____________.
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soil, GI tract, humans
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Causes necrotizing enteritis
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Type C C. perfringens
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Has a high mortality rate even with rapid medical attention
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Myonecrosis (gas gangrene)
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How is gas gangrene introduced into the body?
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By tissue injury or surgery
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What is the mortality rate of myonecrosis?
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40%-100%
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Intense pain, extensive muscle necrosis, shock, renal failure, death
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signs and symptoms of myonecrosis (which is caused by C. perfringens)
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Necrotic tissue and gas in tissue
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effects of metabolic activity with myonecrosis (gas gangrene)
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Toxins from myonecrosis cause _______
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hemolysis and hemorrhaging
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Cellulitis is another disease caused by _______ but it is less serious
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C. perfringens
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Disease caused by C. perfringens which is serious but does not involve muscle
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Fasciitis
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Food poisoning is caused by which bacteria?
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Type A C. perfringens
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Signs and symptoms of food poisoning
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ABD cramps, diarrhea w/o fever, nausea or vomiting
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Rare infection that affects the jejunum.
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necrotizing enteritis
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Mortality rate with necrotizing enteritis
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50%
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ABD pain, shock, bloody diarrhea, peritonitis
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signs and symptoms associated with necrotizing enteritis
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Has four groups based on type of toxin produced. Type I and Type II strains human pathogens.
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Clostridium botulinum
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C. botulinum is located worldwide in _______ and _______.
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soil and water
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What are the three types of botulinum?
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Food-borne, wound, infant
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_______________ caused by ingestion of canned foods that are contaminated.
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Food-borne botulinum
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_________ considered rare.
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wound botulinum
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____________ caused by contaminated foods, honey.
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Infant botulinum
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C. botulinum toxins are similar to _____________
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tetanus toxin
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Signs and symptoms of food-borne botulism
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weakness, dizziness, blurred vision, dilated pupils, dry mouth, constipation, ABD pain
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With food-borne botulism, death can occur with __________________.
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respiratory paralysis
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How is wound botulism introduced?
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Into a traumatic wound either by contaminated soil or during surgery
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The signs and symptoms of _____________ botulism are similar to food-borne botulism.
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wound
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WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON FORM OF BOTULISM?
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INFANT
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WHAT IS THE AGE OF INFANTS AFFECTED WITH INFANT BOTULISM?
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1 TO 6 MONTHS OF AGE
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WHY AREN'T ADULTS AFFECTED WITH INFANT BOTULISM?
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MICROBE CANNOT SURVIVE AND MULTIPLY IN THE GI TRACT
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WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF INFANT BOTULISM?
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CONSTIPATION, "FAILURE TO THRIVE"
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PROGRESSION OF INFANT BOTULISM CAN LEAD TO___________ AND _________.
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FLACID PARALYSIS AND RESPIRATORY FAILURE
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THE MORTALITY RATE IN INFANTS WITH INFANT BOTULISM IS _______.
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VERY LOW
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RESPIRATORY SUPPORT TREATMENT
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TREATMENT FOR BOTULISM
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GASTRIC LAVAGE TO ELIMINATE BACTERIUM FROM THE GI TRACT
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TREATMENT FOR BOTULISM
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CHILDREN YOUNGER THAN 1 YEAR OF AGE SHOULD NOT EAT HONEY
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PREVENTION OF INFANT BOTULISM
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WIDESPREAD LOCATION OF THIS BACTERIA IS IN THE SOIL
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CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
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COLONIZES IN THE GI TRACT AND IS SPORE FORMING
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C. TETANI
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C. TETANI IS RARE IN THE US DUE TO ________________
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TETANUS VACCINE
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THERE IS A HIGH MORTALITY RATE IN UNDERDEVELOPED NATIONS WITH THIS BACTERIA
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C. TETANI
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DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH C. TETANI
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TRISMUS (LOCKJAW)
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WHAT ARE THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF TRISMUS (LOCKJAW)?
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SWEATING, RESTLESSNESS, CHRONIC BACK SPASMS
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PROGRESSION OF THIS DISEASE CAN LEAD TO DEHYDRATION, ALTERNATING HYPERTENSION AND HYPOTENSION, AND CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
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TRISMUS (LOCKJAW)
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WHAT ARE THE THREE TYPES OF TETANUS?
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LOCALIZED, CEPHALIC, NEONATAL
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__________ TETANUS REMAINS LOCALIZED TO MUSCLES AT THE SITE OF THE INFECTION.
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LOCALIZED
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SEVERE FORM OF TETANUS THAT IS LIFE-THREATENING. THE PRIMARY SITE OF INFECTION IS THE HEAD.
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CEPHALIC TETANUS
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DEADLY INFECTION OF THE UMBILICAL STUMP WITH A MORTALITY RATE OF ALMOST 100%.
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NEONATAL TETANUS
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VACCINE, I&D OF WOUNDS THAT ARE SUSCEPTIBLE, ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT WITH METRONIDAZOLE
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TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF C. TETANI
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IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ST WITH CLOSTRIDIUM
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GAS GANGRENE AND FASCIITIS MUST BE QUICKLY AND AGGRESSIVELY TREATED
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IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ST WITH CLOSTRIDIUM
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GAS GANGRENE AND FASCIITIS
I&D - ANTIBIOTICS MIXED WITH IRRIGATING FLUID REFERRED TO AS "BUG JUICE" -INSTR.; KNIFE BLADES AND SCISSORS -REPEAT I&D |
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CHARACTERISTICS OF MYCOBACTERIA
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NONMOTILE, NON-SPORE FORMING, AEROBIC
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TO IDENTIFY MYCOBACTERIA, THE SPECIAL ________________ MUST BE USED.
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ACID-FAST STAIN
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LOCATION IN NATURE WHERE MYCOBACTERIA ARE FOUND
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SOIL
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SPECIES OF MYCOBACTERIA ARE FOUND IN THE SOIL AND IN WARM- AND COLD-BLOODED ANIMALS SUCH AS
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HUMANS, TURTLES, FISH, FROGS, SNAKES
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______________ IS THE LEADING KILLER AMONG INFECTIOUS DISEASES WITH A WORLDWIDE HIGH MORTALITY RATE OF ABOUT __________ NEW CASES WITH ______________ DEATHS ANNUALLY.
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TUBERCULOSIS, 10 MILLION, 3 MILLION
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WHAT IS THE VIRULENCE FACTOR OF TUBERCULOSIS?
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IT HAS A WAXY CELL WALL
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THE SLOW GROWTH OF TUBERCULOSIS MEANS THAT IDENTIFICATION IN THE LAB CAN POTENTIALLY TAKE UP TO ________.
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SIX WEEKS
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______________ IS A HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS DISEASE THAT IS SPREAD ____________________ BY DROPLETS THAT CONTAIN BACTERIAL CELLS.
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TUBERCULOSIS, PERSON TO PERSON
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AEROSOL DROPLETS ARE ANOTHER TRANSMISSION OF WHAT DISEASE?
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TUBERCULOSIS
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TYPES OF SPECIMENS OF TB
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SPUTUM, GASTRIC ASPIRATION, BRONCHIAL WASHING AND LUNG TISSUE SAMPLES, URINE SPECIMEN, CSF, BONE MARROW BIOPSY
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_______________ INDUCES A HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION.
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MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
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IF A REACTION TO TB OCCURS, IT FULLY DEVELOPS IN _________ SO THE SKIN MUST BE EXAMINED DURING THIS TIME FRAME.
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48-72 HOURS
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A POSITIVE REACTION TO A SKIN TB TEST INDICATES
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THAT A PERSON HAD A PAST TB INFECTION, HAS AN ACTIVE INFECTION, OR HAS BEEN VACCINATED
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THE MOST ACCURATE SKIN TEST FOR TB IS __________.
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MANTOUX TEST
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THE __________________ INVOLVES THE INTRADERMAL INJECTION OF ANTIGEN PURIFIED PROTEIN DERIVATIVE (PPD) WITHIN THE EPIDERMAL LAYER.
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MANTOUX TEST
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TYPE OF RESPONSE TO SKIN TB TEST
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REDDEND, SWELLED AREA AT THE INJECTION SITE
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NEGATIVE RESULT OF A TB SKIN TEST
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PERSON HAS NEVER BEEN INFECTED OR IS IN THE EARLY STAGES OF THE INFECTION
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ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT OF TB
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COMBINATION OF AT LEAST 2 DRUGS IS USED TO AVOID M. TUBERCULOSIS FROM DEVELOPING RESISTANCE
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MYCOBACTERIA LEPRAE CAUSES
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HANSEN'S DISEASE WHICH IS CALLED LEPROSY
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AREAS OF THE BODY INFECTED WITH M. LEPRAE (LEPROSY)
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FINGERS, TOES, EARS, NOSE
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THE DISEASE IS MOST LIKELY TRANSMITTED FROM PERSON TO PERSON BY ______________ OR ___________
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DIRECT CONTACT OR NASAL SECRETIONS
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LEPROSY IS TREATABLE WITH ANTIBIOTICS. HOWEVER, RESISTANCE OCCURS, SO A COMBINATION OF DRUGS IS NOW USED TO PREVENT THE DEVELOPMENT OF ________
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RESISTANT STRAINS
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IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SURGICAL TECH
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TB PATIENTS ARE ISOLATED
SURGICAL TEAM WHERE SPECIALIZED MASKS WITH FILTERS |
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IMPLICATIONS FOR THE SURGICAL TECHNOLOGIST
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SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND TB
-BRONCHOSCOPY INSTRUMENTATION AND BRONCHOSCOPE DECONTAM PROCEDURES CENTRAL STERILE NOTIFIED OF TB LUNG LOBECTOMY -HIGH MORTALITY RATE IN TB PATIENTS |
