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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 clinically significant species of Bordetella
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B. pertussis
B. parapertussis B. bronchiseptica |
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Faintly staining GNR
Range from cocobacilli to small rods |
Bordetella
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Causes whooping cough, aka pertussis
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B. Pertussis
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Pertussis occurs in 3 stages:
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Catarrhal,Paroxysmal, Convalescent
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Nonspecific cold-like symptoms
Spread through aerosols |
catarrhal
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Severe repetitive coughing spells
Cough ends in a characteristic “whoop” |
Paroxysmal
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Patient gradually recovers
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Convalescent
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Causes a less severe pertussis-like illness
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Bordetella parapertussis
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Causes a variety of infections in immunocompromised patients
Sometimes may be traced back to animals Causes “kennel cough” in dogs |
Bordetella bronchiseptica
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nasopharyngeal swab for B. pertussis & B. parapertussis
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preferred specimen
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Amies medium with charcoal
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Specimen transport for bordetalla
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does not grow on BAP or MAC
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B. pertussis
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grows on BAP
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B. parapertussis
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grows on BAP & MAC
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B. bronchiseptica
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Bordetella media that does not contain charcoal
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Bordet-Gengou (BG) blood agar
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Charcoal-horse blood agar, aka
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Regan-Lowe charcoal agar
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Bordetella media that Does Not contain blood
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Jones-Kendrick charcoal agar
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No growth on BAP
Mercury drop appearance on BG agar Oxidase positive Urease negative May be identified by a direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test or an agglutination test |
Bordetella pertussis
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Grows on BAP
Oxidase negative Urease positive May be identified by a direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test or an agglutination test |
Bordetella parapertussis
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Grows on BAP and MAC
Oxidase positive Urease rapidly positive |
Bordetella bronchiseptica
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Gram negative coccobacilli (may be intracellular)
Normal habitat is the genitourinary tracts of animals |
Brucella
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Most human brucella infections are caused by:
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B. abortus (cattle)
B. canis (canines) B. melitensis (goats & sheep) B. suis (swine) |
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Species of Brucella cause what is known as
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Brucellosis aka undulant fever
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There is an intermittent fever, chills, malaise, aches, sweating, and weight loss.
Many organs may be involved. Organisms are phagocytized by monocytes and macrophages and carried to the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and bone marrow where they form granulomas. They may be considered an intracellular parasite. |
Brucellosis
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Usually acquired from animal products such as raw meat and milk
Enters body through tiny cracks in the skin or through mucous membranes Occupational hazard for farmers, veterinarians, and lab workers |
Brucella
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Brucella specimen of choice
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Blood, bone marrow, liver biopsy
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ID to genus level is sufficient
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Brucella
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precautions required when working with cultures
(brucella) |
BSL-3
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Gram negative rods that may exhibit bipolar staining
Ends stain darker than the middle |
Pasteurella
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Found in respiratory tracts of animals
Facultative anaerobes Grow well on BAP & CHOC |
Pasteurella
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Most important human pathogen
Commonly associated with dog & cat bites and cat scratches Resulting infection is usually a localized cellulitis and lymphadenitis |
Pasteurella multocida
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Oxidase positive
Indole positive Nitrate positive No growth on MAC Ferments glucose, sucrose, fructose, & mannose |
Pasteruella multocida
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Small, curved Gram negative rods
Will only grow on enriched media containing blood Preferred media is CHOC or Columbia agar |
Bartonella
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Oxidase negative
Urease negative Negative for all sugars |
bartonella
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Most common human pathogen is Bartonella
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henselae
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Causes “cat-scratch disease”
Spread from cat-to-cat by fleas Following a cat scratch or bite, a pustule appears at the site, followed by lymphadenopathy and fever. |
Bartonella Henselae
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1. white, raised, dry, & rough that has a cauliflower-like appearance and appears to be embedded in the agar
2. smaller tan form that is circular and moist that has a tendency to pit the agar and adhere to the agar. |
Bartonella henselae
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Faintly staining Gram negative coccobacilli
Causes tularemia in humans and animals |
Francisella tularenesis
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Handling infected animals (typically wild rabbits)
Aka “rabbit fever” Insect bites Mosquitoes Ticks Deer flies |
Francisella tularenesis
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Francisella Tularenesis may infect a variety of site
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Skin
Lymph nodes Eyes Lungs Pharynx GI tract |
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Most common type of francisella infection is:
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ulceroglandular tularemia
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Ulcer at site of entry
Lymphadenopathy |
ulceroglandular tularemia
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Francisella media of choice is:
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cystine-glucose-blood agar
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precautions required when working with Francisella cultures
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BSL-3
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GI pathogen
Associated with gastroenteritis and diarrhea May lead to intestinal bleeding due to bacterial ulceration Humans become infected via fecal-oral route 15 species & 6 sub-species |
Campylobacter
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2 important campylobacter species
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C. jejuni subspecies jejuni
C. fetus subspecies fetus |
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Gram negative curved rods
“seagull wings” appearance |
Campylobacter
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Grows best at 42° C with an increased nitrogen atmosphere (microaerophilic
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Campylobacter
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BAP with multiple antibiotics
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campylobacter plate
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Catalase positive
Oxidase positive Darting motility |
campylobacter
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is the only campylobacter species that can hydrolyze hippurate (hippurate positive
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C. jejuni
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is the only species that is sensitive to cephalothin and resistant to naladixic acid
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C. fetus
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Latex agglutination tests are available for ID
Nucleic acid probes can also be useful |
campylobacter
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GI pathogen that is known to cause “flask-shaped” ulcers
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Helicobacter pylori
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Strong evidence suggests that a GI infection of ____ increases the chance of developing stomach cancer.
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H. pylori
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Small curved Gram negative rods
Catalase positive Oxidase positive Urease strongly positive Enhanced growth in a nitrogen enriched environment |
H. Pylori
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ID is usually based on the fact that H.pylori produces large amounts of the enzyme
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urease
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Urease hydrolyzes urea to form
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ammonia
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Urea tests are available for
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biopsy and breath testing
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Gram negative rods
Facultative anaerobes Capnophilic Will not grow aerobically Exhibit a “gliding motility” |
capnocytophaga
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Catalase negative
Oxidase negative Esculin positive |
capnocytophaga
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normal flora of human oral cavity
C. gingivalis C. ochracea C. sputigena |
DF1
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found in mouths of animals
C. canimorsus C. cynodegmi |
DF2
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a fastidious, slow-growing organism that weakly ferments carbohydrates
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Dysgonic fermenter
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Periodontitis
Bacteremia Wound infections |
DF 1 infections
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Dog bites & other animal contact
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DF 2 infections
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infections are frequently associated with trauma due to human bites
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eikenella
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Growth requires 2 to 4 days incubation under 5-10% CO2
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Eikenella
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requires heme, so it will not grow on MacConkey.
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Eikenella
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Most strains form small pits in the agar or corrode the agar surface.
In broth, it adheres to the side of the tube and forms granules. |
Eikenella
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Produces a bleach-like odor
Catalase negative Oxidase positive ODC positive |
Eikenella
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