Micro

Front 1

name 6 kind of microbes

Back 1

bacteria
protozoa
algae... not always small
fungi... not always small
plastic worms...not always small
virus.. non living

Front 2

families of microbes

Back 2

no cell
prokaryote
eukaryotes (oragnism; animal, plant, protozoa, fungi alge)

Front 3

who first supported spontaneous generation

Back 3

aristotle -300

Front 4

who first suggest that microbes exist and may cause disease

Back 4

lucretius -100

Front 5

first person w/ concept of bio-genesis

Back 5

redi 1668

Front 6

who discovered microbes but supported SG, also said it is so simple, abundant, everywhere and use microscope x300

Back 6

leeuwenhoek 1673

Front 7

who challenged SG w/boiling... but failed

Back 7

needham 1745

Front 8

who improved needham's work and made conculsion of BG w/ more time to boil

Back 8

spallanzani 1765

Front 9

improved spallanzani's work w/ swan neck

Back 9

pasteur 1861

Front 10

order of Germ theory

Back 10

lucretius-semmelseis-lister-koch

Front 11

related to unswashed hand causing child bed fever

Back 11

semmelweis 1840

Front 12

first indirect evidence of microbes and disease by cleaning sugical tools......

Back 12

lister 1860

Front 13

first direct evidence of anthrax from microbes

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koch 1876

Front 14

koch's postulate cannot be met if

Back 14

more than one micro(diarrhea)
not caused by micro(genetic disease)
not in the pure culture
ethical issue(happened in human only)

Front 15

4 prerequisites of koch's postulates

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1 must be present in every case of the disease but not in health individual
2 isolation of suspected microb and pure culture
3 healthy one must be sick after inoculation
4 isolation of new microbe from new sicked indivisual for verification

Front 16

first vaccine

Back 16

jenner 1796 cowpox --- small pox

Front 17

who studied cholera in chix

Back 17

pasteur and chamberland

Front 18

pasteusr's experiments

Back 18

1 healthy chix w/ old ..no cholera
2 same chix w/ new.. no cholera
3 new chix w/ new . yes cholera

Front 19

who developed drug for syphilis and its name

Back 19

ehrlich 1906
salsarsan
606th

Front 20

who discovered penicillin

Back 20

fleming 1928
w/staphylococcus(bundle of ..)

Front 21

prokaryote cell size

Back 21

0.2-2.0 in diameter
2.0-8.0 in length

Front 22

prokaryote cell size changes?

Back 22

no
it is species- specific(set)

Front 23

round shape
rod
spiral ridged
spiral flex
bent(comer)
taped end

Back 23

coccus
bacillus
spirilla
spirochete
vibric
fusiform

Front 24

used for id ; not in all...

Back 24

size, shape arrangement,colony,glycocalyx,pili & fimbrae(negative only),flagella, endospores(positive only) plasmid(5-100 genes)

Front 25

cell by arrangement
cluster/chain
pair/single/4 cell packet/cubes
steps overlapping in bacilli

Back 25

staplylo/strepto
diplo/tetrad/cubes of 8,16,...
palisade

Front 26

visible to naked eye due to number increase

Back 26

colony characteristics

Front 27

2 basic components of plasma membrane of prokaryote

Back 27

phospholipid bilayer
protein, ch2o

Front 28

plasma membrane' s function
for prokaryote

Back 28

site for energy/sense/selectively permeable barrier

Front 29

passive diffusion

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small ...h2o, co2, o2
no energy
rate by gradient

Front 30

facilitated diffusion

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larger.. h+, sugar, AA's
no energy
rate by # of carrier

Front 31

active transport

Back 31

atp
against gradient
rate by # carriers
saturable due to limitation of # of carrier
used for protection from antibiotics
ex. H+ ions for photosynthesis and cell resiration

Front 32

cell wall for prokaryote

Back 32

except micro plasmas, all prokaryote has 1 of 2 common types
gram+/ gram-
both type contain pepidoglycan (protein/sugar)
for protection and shape

Front 33

micro plasmas has cell wall ?

Back 33

no
that is exception

Front 34

describe gram +

Back 34

20-80 nm
anchored to plasma membrane by teichoic or and teichoic acid
penicillin is more effective for gram+ than gram-

Front 35

describe gram -

Back 35

1-3 nm
outer layer of the outer membrane w/LPS.inner layer of the outer membrane with phospholipid...
periplasmic space w/peptidoglycan....
plasma membrane
braun's lipoprotein anchored to peptidoglycan wall outward
porin imbeded thru outer membrane

Front 36

what is LPS

Back 36

lipopolysaccharide(lipid + polysaccharide)
makes outer membrane more strong
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), also known as lipoglycans, are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide joined by a covalent bond; they are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, act as endotoxins and elicit strong immune responses in animals

Front 37

peniciline

Back 37

work for inhibiting peptidoglycan wall synthesis

Front 38

what is glycocalyx

Back 38

sugar coated cell made w/polysaccharides
1 capsule..thick...pathogenic
2 slim layer..thin.loose, teeth, pathogenises
streptococcus mutan

Front 39

pili and fimbrae

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made w/ pilin(protein)
long fewer 1-10
short lots.. 100+
grab only not for the movements
0.2-2.0 nm

Front 40

e coli

Back 40

has both pili and fimbrae
with... diarrhea
without... no diarrhea

Front 41

neisseria gonorrhea

Back 41

caused by pili and fimbrae like e coli.

Front 42

flagella

Back 42

motility long hair like tail
basal (plasma membrane)+ hook +filament(flagellin)
counter... run
clock... tumble
random... tumble and run
running increase toward attraction point
none/mono/amphi/lopho/peri

Front 43

endospores

Back 43

gram+
harsh environment
vegitive cell(normal function cell)

Front 44

cytoplasm

Back 44

all in prokaryotes
h2o w/ nucleic acids,salt, vita, ch2o,protein

Front 45

nucloid

Back 45

single circular molecule of dna 3500 gens in prokaryote

Front 46

plasmid

Back 46

5-100 gens ( toxin....)
extra goodies
more pathogenicity with it

Front 47

ribosomes

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protein making
made with pro and r rna
2 location for prokary in plasma for export and cytoplasm for local

Front 48

chaperones in prokaryotes

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job; same as golgi 2nd work of protein making

Front 49

granules

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inclusion body
rich food storage space
proteins ch2o iron sulfur inorganic things

Front 50

size of the eukaryotes cell

Back 50

10-100 um

Front 51

cell wall Structure of the fungi, algal, protoazons

Back 51

chitin, pectin, no wall but may have pellicle inside of the p. membrane

Front 52

penicillin be effective against a fungal infection?

Back 52

no, b/s eukaryote lack peptidoglycan ...no existence

Front 53

plasma membrane of the eu

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same plus sterols
bulk transport ex endo(phago solid, pino for liguid)

Front 54

nucleus

Back 54

more dna than prokaryote

Front 55

ribosome in eu

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same but bigger
and to become part of vacuoles or lysomes

Front 56

rough er

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pakaging
in pro ; storage only no pakaging

Front 57

smooth er

Back 57

making lipid not in pro

Front 58

golgi

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4-8
cisternae
change protein from er and repack for vacuole and lysomes

Front 59

what is same function for golgi in prokaryotes

Back 59

shaprone

Front 60

lysosome=break body
2 function

Back 60

fuse w/vacuole..digest its contents
fuse w/damaged organelles ...digest or recycle usables

Front 61

vaculoles
same in pro= granuals

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storage
2 ways to make vacuoles
dna..ribo...protein...er..golgi..vacuole(for storage)
lysome digesting food

Front 62

mitocondria= p.membrane for pro

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d. mem
power house

Front 63

chloroplast ; d.mem

Back 63

has light absorbing pigments for photo
happens in p. mem in pro

Front 64

cyto skeleton

Back 64

micro filament; actin fake feet, cell shape
intermediate filament;keratin vimentin anchor
microtuble largest, dna for cell division, use track for intracellular movement mobile, 9+2 pattern(total 20)
cilla and flagella
not in pro ; too samll
cilla shorter 100-1000+
fla 1-10
wave move not like pro(rotate)
base -forward tail backwardflagella faster t60 miles per hour han cilia 1

Front 65

growth

Back 65

cell components increase leads size and number

Front 66

binary fission

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prokaryote cell division

Front 67

steps for binary

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new componets
cell enlongates x2
makes new p.membrane and wall inward
daughter cells may seperate as single for other arrangement form

Front 68

times ofr binary fission

Back 68

20-30 e coli,s aureus
1-3 most of the species
day-week mycobacteria leprae 10days

Front 69

batch culture

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closed culture vessel.. capped test tube
single, set volume of growth medium... 3.5 mls of nutrient broth
constant environmental conditions ... incubator 37 c dark samee humidity on shaking

Front 70

graph

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log# /time
k+ constant lag ... exponetial increase...stationary phase(endospores form) ....death

Front 71

inoculation( time=0)

Back 71

add bacteria to the new culture

Front 72

lag phase

Back 72

1st portion,w/ no significant increase in cell #and always have a lag phase due to
1 synthesizing new cell component preparing to divide
2 adjsting to new places
w recoveing repairing damage from transfer

Front 73

some times lag time is extra long why

Back 73

dramatic change in culture medium, in temp, old cells have longer lags

Front 74

exponential phase

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2nd portion of growth curve w/ max rate of increase in cell number

Front 75

exponential phase are important because

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cells are most uniform this is a study time best for use in experiment or studing

Front 76

stationrary phase

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third oportiono of growth curve w/ no significant increase or decrease in cell #
ENDOSPORES FORM

Front 77

cause of stationary phase

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btrients and resourcese become llimited
creates greatest level of competition for the remaining resources(food)
waste begins to accumulate making environment unfavorable

Front 78

overall cell number constant in stationary phase if

Back 78

in stationary phase,
winner is still dividing = cell death
ability not to divide more

Front 79

death phase

Back 79

final portion of the curve w/ max=exponential decrease in cell number

Front 80

cause of the death

Back 80

complete lack of food
killed by own waste=toxic to cell
ex lactic acid