Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
the scientific study of disease
|
pathology
|
|
|
the cause, development and functional changes
|
pathology concerns
|
|
|
the study of the cause of the disease
|
etiology
|
|
|
the manner in which a disease develops
|
pathogenesis
|
|
|
the invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
|
infection
|
|
|
an abnormal state in which part or all of the body in not properly adjusted or incapable of performing its normal functions
|
disease
|
|
|
disease causing microorganisms
|
pathogens
|
|
|
eyes, nose, mouth, skin, large intestine, urinary and reproductive systems
|
regions of the body that contain normal flora
|
|
|
the relationship between the normal microbiota and the host which means living together
|
symbiosis
|
|
|
commensalism
mutualism parasitism |
types of symbiosis
|
|
|
a symbiotic relationship in which two organism live in association and one is benefited while the other is neither benefited nor harmed
|
commensalism
|
|
|
a type of symbiosis in which both organisms or populations are benefited
|
mutualism
|
|
|
a symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) exploits another (the host) without providing any benefit in return.
|
parasitism
|
|
|
a microorganism that does not ordinarily cause a disease but can become pathogenic under certain circumstances
|
opportunistic pathogen
|
|
|
an example of opportunsitic pathogen
|
E. Coli
|
|
|
changes in body function
|
symptoms
|
|
|
objective changes the physician can observe and measure
|
signs
|
|
|
a specific group of signs or symptoms that accompany a disease
|
syndrome
|
|
|
any disease that can be spread from one host to another
|
communicable disease
|
|
|
a disease that can easily spread from one person to another
|
contagious disease
|
|
|
a disease that is not transmitted from one host to another
|
noncommunicable disease
|
|
|
an indicator of the number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular time period
|
incidence
|
|
|
an indicator of the spread of a disease
|
incidence
|
|
|
an indicator of the number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared
|
prevalence
|
|
|
an indicator of how seriously and how long a disease affects a population
|
prevalence
|
|
|
a disease that occurs occasionally in a population
|
sporadic disease
|
|
|
a disease that is constantly present in a certain population
|
endemic disease
|
|
|
a disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time
|
epidemic disease
|
|
|
an epidemic that occurs worldwide
|
pandemic disease
|
|
|
a disease in which symptoms develop rapidly but last for only a short time
|
acute disease
|
|
|
an illness that develops slowly and is likely to continue or recur for long periods
|
chronic disease
|
|
|
a disease characterized by a period of no symptoms when the pathogen is inactive
|
latent disease
|
|
|
a disease with symptoms that are intermediate between acute and chronic.
|
subacute disease
|
|
|
occurs when the causative agent remains inactive for a time but then becomes active to produce symptoms of the disease
|
latent disease
|
|
|
shingles is an example of this type of disease
|
latent disease
|
|
|
one of the diseases caused by varicella-zoster virus
|
shingles
|
|
|
occurs when the presence of immunity is in most of a population
|
herd immunity
|
|
|
occurs when the invading microorganisms are limited to a relatively small area of the body
|
local infection
|
|
|
boils and abscesses are examples
|
local infection
|
|
|
occurs when microorganisms or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lymph
|
systemic (generalized) infection
|
|
|
an example is measles
|
systemic (generalized) infection
|
|
|
occurs when the local infection enters a blood or lymphatic vessel and spreads to other specific parts of the body.
|
focal infection
|
|
|
infections that arise from areas such as the teeth, tonsils, or sinuses
|
focal infection
|
|
|
a toxic inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes, especially bacteria or their toxins, from a focus of infection
|
sepsis
|
|
|
also called blood poisoning
|
septicemia
|
|
|
a systemic infection arising from the multiplication of pathogens of the blood.
|
septicemia
|
|
|
it is a common example of sepsis
|
septicemia
|
|
|
the presence of bacteria in the blood
|
bacteremia
|
|
|
the presence of toxins in the blood
|
toxemia
|
|
|
the presence of viruses in blood
|
viremia
|
|
|
an acute infection that causes the initial illness
|
primary infection
|
|
|
an example of a secondary infection
|
pneumocystis
|
|
|
does not cause any noticeable illness
|
subclinical (inapparent) infection
|
|
|
a virus which can be carried by people who never develop the illness
|
subclinical (inapparent) infection
|
|
|
an example is poliovirus and hepatitis A
|
subclinical (inapparent) infection
|
|
|
one that makes the body more susceptible to a disease and may alter the course of the disease
|
predisposing factor
|
|
|
gender is one
|
predisposing factor
|
|
|
the stages of a disease
|
incubation period
prodromal period period of illness period of decline period of convalescence |
|
|
the time interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of any signs or symptoms
|
incubation period
|
|
|
a relatively short period that follows the period of incubation in some diseases.
|
prodromal period
|
|
|
it is characterized by early, mild symptoms of disease such as general aches and malaise
|
prodromal period
|
|
|
when the disease is most severe
|
period of illness
|
|
|
if the disease is not successfully overcome, the patient dies during this period
|
period of illness
|
|
|
during this period, a person can easily spread infections to other people
|
period of illness
|
|
|
when the signs and symptoms subside
|
period of decline
|
|
|
the patient is vulnerable to secondary infections during this period
|
period of decline
|
|
|
when the person regains strength and the body returns to its prediseased state.
|
period of convalescence
|
|
|
it can be human, animal, or nonliving
|
reservoir of infection
|
|
|
this source can be either a living organism or an inanimate object that provides a pathogen and adequate conditions for survival and multiplication and an opportunity for transmission
|
reservoir of infection
|
|
|
important living reservoirs of infection
|
carriers
|
|
|
they can harbor pathogens and transmit them to others without exhibiting any signs of illness
|
carriers
|
|
|
a disease that occurs primarily in wild and domestic animals but can be transmitted to humans
|
zoonosis
|
|
|
examples are rabies and Lyme disease
|
zoonosis
|
|
|
three methods of disease transmission
|
contact
vehicle vectors |
|
|
types of contact transmission
|
direct
indirect droplet |
|
|
the spread of an agent of disease by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplet transmission
|
contact transmission
|
|
|
known as person-to-person transmission
|
direct contact transmission
|
|
|
the direct transmission of an agent by physical contact between its source and a susceptible host; no intermediate object is involved
|
direct contact transmission
|
|
|
the most common forms are touching, kissing, and sexual intercourse
|
direct contact transmission
|
|
|
occurs when the agent of disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of a nonliving object
|
indirect contact transmission
|
|
|
any nonliving object involve in the spread of an infection
|
fomite
|
|
|
examples are tissues, handkerchiefs, towels, toys, and thermometers
|
fomite
|
|
|
type of transmission where microbes are spread in droplet nuclei (mucus droplets) that travel only short distances
|
droplet transmission
|
|
|
examples are coughing, sneezing, laughing, or talking
|
droplet transmission
|
|
|
the transmission of disease agents by a medium, such as water, food, or air
|
vehicle transmission
|
|
|
occurs when pathogens are usually spread by water contaminated with untreated or poorly treated sewage
|
waterborne transmission
|
|
|
occurs when pathogens are generally transmitted in foods that are incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared under unsanitary conditions
|
foodborne transmission
|
|
|
refers to the spread of agents of infections by droplet nuclei in dust that travel more than 1 meter from the reservoir to the host
|
airborne transmission
|
|
|
animals that carry pathogens from one host to another
|
vectors
|
|
|
anthropod vectors transmit disease by two general methods
|
mechanical transmission
biological transmission |
|
|
the passive transport of the pathogens on the insect's feet or other body parts
|
mechanical transmission
|
|
|
an active process - it is the transmission of a pathogen from one host to another when the pathogen reproduces in the vector.
|
biological transmission
|
|
|
it does not show any evidence of being present or incubating at the time of admission to a hospital
|
nosocomial infection
|
|
|
it is acquired because of a hospital stay
|
nosocomial infection
|
|
|
a person whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns
|
compromised host
|
|
|
the science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations
|
epidemiology
|
|
|
entails collecting all data that describe the occurrence of the disease under study
|
descriptive epidemiology
|
|
|
analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause
|
analytical epidemiology
|
|
|
the incidence of specific notifiable diseases
|
morbidity
|
|
|
the number of deaths from the notifiable diseases
|
mortality
|
|
|
the number of people affected by a disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population
|
morbidity rate
|
|
|
the number of deaths resulting from a disease in a population in a given period of time in relation to the population
|
mortality rate
|
|
|
microflora and microfauna as a group
|
microbiota
|
|
|
various bacteria that live in the gut of normal, healthy humans and other animals
|
microbiota
|
|
|
the bacteria and fungi that live on animal body surfaces without causing disease
|
normal flora
|
|
|
the study of the structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs that underlie disease.
|
pathology
|
|
|
the entire physical structure of a human organism
|
human body
|
|
|
it consists of a head, neck, torso, two arms, and two legs
|
human body
|
|
|
a collection of symptoms and infections resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by infection with the HIV
|
AIDS
|
|
|
the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species
|
infection
|
|
|
an infection caused by organisms that usually do not cause disease in a person with a healthy immune system, but can affect people with a poorly functioning or suppressed immune system
|
opportunistic infection
|
|
|
unicellular microorganisms
|
bacteria
|
|
|
the study of the composition and physiology of microbial communities in the environment
|
environmental microbiology
|
|
|
it damages or injures the host that results from the presence of one or more pathogenic microbial agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites, and aberrant proteins
|
infectious disease
|
|
|
aberrant proteins
|
prions
|
|
|
a WBC of the immune system that is responsible for combating infection by parasites in vertebrates
|
eosinophil
|
|
|
they are granulocytes that develop in the bone marrow before migrating into blood
|
eosinophil
|
