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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lysogenic is?
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Is one of two methods of viral reproduction, newly integrated genetic material, called a prophage.
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What is Lysogenic Conversion?
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It is when a temperate phage induces a change in the phenotype of the bacteria infected that is not part of a usual phage cycle (different from the original).
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What is Cytopathic Effect?
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Visiable signs of a virus. Refers to degenerative changes in cells.
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What is Cytocidal do?
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It causes cell death.
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An effect of a Cytocidal Virus would be?
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Invasion of cells causing lysosomes to release enzymes for destroying bacterial cell walls.
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Another effect of a Cytocidal Virus would be?
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It has the capacity to stop cell division so cells can't regenerate.
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What does a Cytocidal Virus change?
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It changes the cells function without a visible change, the cell still looks normal, the changes occur inside (like measles).
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What does a Cytocidal Virus attach to?
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It attaches to a receptor site on the host cell and causes the cell to produce a chemical that increases viruses virulence, lowering the host cells ability to kill the virus.
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What does the Cytocidal cause?
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It causes cells to produce Interferons (they are good things).
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An Interferon is?
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Is a chemical that helps protect adjacent cells.
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Is Arthrities linked to a virus and what is it?
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Yes, it is linked to a virus. It is a auto-immune disease that causes the body to attack itself.
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Chromosomal changes in the host DNA may activate oncogenes, True or False?
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True.
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Contact Inhibition is?
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Making of cells and not over producing. Ex. Viruses can cause changes so the inhibition doesn't take place causing tumors.
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A Fungi can provoke an allergic response creating toxins, True or False?
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True.
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Fungi also ihibits what?
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It inhibits protien synthesis in the host (antibodies and enzymes).
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Is wheat and peanut allergies due to a fungi?
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Yes.
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Candida Albicans are?
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A type of fungus and it secretes protease (protien breakdown) modifying cell membranes in order to attach themselves. May go Systimic.
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Mushrooms do what?
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They produce microtoxins so it can kill the host.
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A Protozoa can do?
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Produce a disease like symptom.
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What is Trypansomiasis?
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It is the name of several diseases in vertebrates caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes
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Other names for Trypansomiasis are?
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Human African trypanosomiasis, see Sleeping sickness
Human American trypanosomiasis, see Chagas disease |
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Where is Trypansomiasis most abundantly found?
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Africa.
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Trypansomiasis produces how much of different antigens?
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It produces a 1000 different types of antigens and may last up to 40 yrs if not more.
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Helminths use whos tissue to grow from?
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Helminths use the host tissue for their own growth than spreading.
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Epidermis and Dermis, tightly packed with a layer of keratin and on the outside a protective keratin is also known as?
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Skin.
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What is the pH of the our skin?
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3.0-5.0 (being acidic).
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Is there alot of bacteria that hangs out on our skin and what types?
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Yes, there is alot of bacteria. Staph and certain fungus will hang out.
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What is Sebum?
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Sebum is an oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands in mammalian skin. Its main purpose is to make the skin and hair waterproof and to protect them from drying out.
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What does Perspiration do?
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It flushes out microbes from the skin, it also contains lysosomes (breaking down Gram + cell walls).
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Lacromil Glands do what?
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Flush and wash eyes laterally to medially. Outside to Inside.
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Saliva helps with what?
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It helps dilute the bugs as they enter the mouth, preventing colonization and it contains lysosomes.
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Mucous Secretion helps with?
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Helps trap micobes, very effective in the GI and respiratory tract.
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Urine Secretions continually does what?
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It continually flushes microbes out of the body.
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Is the vaginal area acidic and does it help prevent the growth of microbes?
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Yes
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Gastric Juices contain Hydrochloric Acid, mucous, enzymes and a pH of 1.2-3?
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Yes
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Does Phagocytosis engulf the bug, WBC or forms of WBC?
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Yes
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leukocytosis raises what for protective responses?
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White Blood Cells.
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Leukopenia has a low, mild or high raise in WBC?
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Mild raise.
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What is "differential WBC count"?
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It calculates the percentage of each kind of WBC in 100 WBC's.
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What is the norm for RBC?
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1ml= 5 million.
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What is the norm for WBC?
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1ml= 5-10 thousand.
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How does the differential WBC count help with the defense of the host?
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It calculates the percentage of each kind of WBC in 100 WBC, Normal RBC per ml is 5 million, normal WBC per ml is 5-10 thousand.
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How many types of WBC are there?
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5
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Granulocytes?
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How it appears under the microscope and they are large granules.
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Neutrophils are?
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70 % phagocytes, they are polymorphonuclear-nuclei and has more than 1 lobe. It is active in early stage of infection. (2-5 lobes).
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Basophils produce ?
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Basophils produce histamines, 1% and are rare.
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Eosinophils are?
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2-4% and are fairly rare. It increases in parasitic infections and increase in allergic reactions.
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Agranulocytes are small or big and do they contain monocytes or lymphocytes?
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They are small granules and they contain both Monocytes and Lymphocytes.
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Monocytes are?
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3-8 % and after they leave the blood they mature into macrophages which are phagocytic.
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Monocytes cause what?
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They cause the lymph nodes to swell and are dominating in viral, fungal and late stages of bacterial infection.
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Lypmphocytes are?
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20-25 % and are responsible for anitbody production.
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Where are Lypmhocytes produced and found?
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They are produced in red bone marrow and found in lymphoid tissue (appendix, spleen, tonsils, thymus gland and small intestine).
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Where are Fixed Macrophages?
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They are stuck in the tissue and they keep areas clean of unwanted bugs.
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Fixed is?
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Kupfer cell of liver, alveolar tissue of lungs and microglia of the nervous system.
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What do Wandering Macrophages do?
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They gather at sites of infections.
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What are the four steps of phagocytosis?
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Chemotaxis, Adherence, Ingestion and Digestion.
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Once coated the phagocyte can adhere and start what?
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Ingestion of macrophages
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Phagocytes extend pseudo pods (extension or arms) which engulf the microbe and once engulfed it becomes?
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A phagosome.
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The membrane of the microbe has enzymes that pump protons into the sack. True or False?
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True.
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The micobe membrane also creates a pH of 4 and activates hydrolytic enzymes, true or false?
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True.
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The microbe also makes contact with lysosomes which contain enzymes and other bacterial stuff, true or false?
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True.
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Lysosomos contain toxic 02 products, true or false?
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True.
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Lysosomes contain super oxide radical molecules and hydrogen peroxide, true or false?
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True.
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When a phagosome merges with a lysosome it becomes a?
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Phagolysosome.
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Residual body pertains to what?
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After bacteria is broken the cells contain waste and debris, trying to be discharged out of the cell wall.
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Inflammation is caused by?
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Microbes, chemicals, electrical burns and heat.
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Does inflammtion start the repair process?
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Yes, and heat destroys foreign agents, with increased fluids it can confine to certain areas without going systemic.
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What is Acute inflammation?
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Is a short-term process which is characterised by the classic signs of inflammation - swelling, redness, pain, heat, and loss of function - due to the infiltration of the tissues by plasma and leukocytes.
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Cytokins, fibrinogens, kinins cause what?
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Vasodilation creating redness, heat and increasing permeability of vessels along with edema.
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Histamines are released by?
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Basophils, mast cells and platelets which are a vasodilator.
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Immunty is acquired over time true or false.
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True.
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Are antibodies a protien?
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Yes.
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What do antigens do?
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They provoke a specific immune response and can be pathogenic.
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What is active immunty?
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It is exposure to foriegn substances that cause immune response.
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What is Passive Immuntiy?
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It is transference of antibodies from one living organism to another.
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What is natural Acquired Acitive Immunity?
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It is bieng exposed to antigens (childhood disease).
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What is Natural Acquired Passive Immunity?
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Mother to infant or through placenta.
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What is Artificially Acquired Active Immuntiy?
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They are immunizations, prepared anitgens, viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins.
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Do killed microbe organsims reproduce or just weakened?
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No, they dont reproduce and are just weakened.
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How many different forms of globulins are there?
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3
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What are the three different globulins?
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Alpha, beta and gamma.
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What is the first step of Phogositosis?
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Getting to the micro through chemtaxis.
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What is the second step of Phogositosis?
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Aderenece also know as Opsonizatoin, the coating of protiens which when used are known as opsinins.
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What is the third step of Phagositosis?
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Ingestion, these are sudopodes that are sorrounded entirley by a microb. Ph is a 4.
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What is the fourth step of Phagositosis?
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Digestion of Phagosomes, they are pulled into sac contacting lysome and then destroys of bacteria.
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What does a macrophage do?
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The clean up the infection.
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What is the end result of dead white cells?
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Puss that surfaces to epidermers.
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What does the Stroma layer support?
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Connective tissue.
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What is Parenchyma?
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Normal production of functioning tissue.
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Two types of Acquired Immunity would be?
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Active and Passive.
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What are Globulins?
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Antibodies of antificially acquried passive immunity?
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Types of Immunity are?
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Acquired Immunity, Humeral Immunity and Cell Mediated Immuntiy
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What is Humeral Immunity?
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When antibodies are bieng used (antibody mediated immunnity).
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When Humeral Immunity is at work you may see what?
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Extra cellular fluids, Clones of WBC causing effector cells.
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What is Cell Mediated Immunity?
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It is when T-cells react against foreign tissues.
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Causes and effects of Cell Mediated Ummunity would be?
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Activation of macrophages, attacks on transplanted tissue and defense on cancer cells.
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What do Haptens do?
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They combine with other molecules causing an immune response.
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Are Antibodies specific to antigens?
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Yes.
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How many IG Immune Globins are there?
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5
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What are the IG Immunity Globins?
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G, M, A, D and E
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Ig-G is found where and does what?
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Is found in circulatory system with a 80%. It protects against bacteria, viruses and toxins.
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M or IgM is found where and is located where?
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In the blood and is the quikest to respond to the scene of infection.
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A or IgA is most abundant where?
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In the body as mucus secretors, tears, and passes through mothers milk.
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D or IgD is what and found where?
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It is colstridium in the mothers milk.
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E or IgE does what?
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They bind to mast cells and basifills in an allergic reaction.
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