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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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White Blood Cells do what?
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Kill Pathogens, unless immune system is compromised.
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These things weaken our immune system?
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Stress, Sugar, Malnutrition, Luekemia, Burns, Diabetes.
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Fomites are?
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Non living reservoirs. (catherters, IVs)
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Aspectic Techniques are?
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Elimination of infection during hosptial stay.
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Emerging Infectious Diseases are?
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Transportation carrier- travlers
Natural Disasters- Katrina, Earthquakes- stirring up of dirt of endorspores. |
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Morbidty?
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Incidence of a specific notifiable disease. Amnt of people getting disease within cummunity.
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A Notifiable Disease is?
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A disease that Doctors have to report by law if found.
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Morbidity Rate is?
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The number of people affected in a given time in the total population.
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Mortality is ?
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Number of deaths.
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Portals of Entry is?
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How bugs get into the body. (swallowing, cuts, breathing, STD's, Burrowing thru the skin, Resp, Flu, Measles).
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Parenteral Route is?
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Microbes that are able to get under our skin.
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Preferred Portal is?
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A way of entry into the host, where the bug will not be destroyed.
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Small amount of microbes can be be destroyed if immune system is healthy? True or False?
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True, many numbers of microbes can be destroyed if the immune system is healthy and strong.
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Large amount of mircrobes over come the host if?
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the immune system is not healthy or strong. Microbes can and will overcome host causing problems.
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ID-50 Infectious Doses are?
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Anthrax and Colera.
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ID-50's can cause what percentange of people to get sick?
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50 percent of population will get sick, the other 50 percent stays sick free due to strong immune system.
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Anthrax an ID-50.
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Preferred portal is skin, by skin it takes 10-50 endorspores to infect host, Resp-10-20 thousand and by digestion it takes 250 thousand to 1 mill.
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Colera, an ID-50.
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Enters the GI tract with 1 billion.
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LD-50 is considered as a?
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Lethal dose for 50 percent of population. To be lethal, there has to be a certain amnt of microbes.
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Bug Virulence?
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Depends on the ablility to adhere to the host cell, accomplished by adhesence or liggins.
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Adhesence or liggins are known for doing?
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They bind to the complimentary surface receptors on the host.
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Biofilm is?
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A plaque, different types of bacteria that form communities shareing nutrients. Resistant to antibiotics and responsible for 65% of bacterial infections.
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An example of Biofilm is?
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Algea in swimming pools and dental plaque.
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Glycocalyx is?
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A sugar coat that forms around the bacteria, increasing the chance of bacteria growth. Our bodies produce antibodies to fight off the bacteria.
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Bacteria producing enzymes do what?
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Protect themselves in order to stay alive against antibodies.
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Coagulace is which of the following?
an enzyme, helps in forming clots or helps with protection with immune system? |
All the above.
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Kinace does what?
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Helps the body in dissovling clots that the bacteria made.
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IGA Proteases is?
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An enzyme produced by bacteria dissolving antibodies.
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Hyaleuronadace is and does which of the following?
1. Is and enzyme produced by bacteria, 2. Breaks down hyaleuronic acid in CT. 3. Causes tissue blacking? |
All the above. Is an enzyme, causes tissue blacking and breaks down hyaleuronic acid.
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Antigenic Variation does?
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Changes its markers quickly before WBC can create new ones to kill the bacteria.
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Microbes hurting the host will do the following?
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Use all the nutrients, cause direct damage to organs and produce toxins. Some toxins are released when mircobe dies from shell.
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Do you take iron when getting sick? Yes or No?
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No, iron is a requirment for most pathogenic bacteria.
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Does Bacteria secrete Siderrophores and if so what does what it do?
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Yes and it binds tightly to iron pulling it away. Once pulled away its called Iron Siderrophore Complex.
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Do some pathogens have receptors allowing them to bind directly to the iron?
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Yes, and they dont have use the sideerrophores. If so the bacteria pulls the molecule and iron in together.
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Can bacteria realease toxins?
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Yes, and they are lethal to the host cell and sometime killing it. Bacteria is released spread all over and repeating the process over again.
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How does a pathogene affect a host directly?
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Attempts to enter, try to use nutrients from host and produce wast products.
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If a pathogene succeeds, what does it do to the host?
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It multiplys in the host untill it ruptures releasing tons of bacteria into body.
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Where does the bacteria go and does it cause lysis?
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It induces the host epithelial cells to engulf them and no, it will not always creat lysis. Sometimes it will just leave.
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Are toxins poisnous and do they cause disruptions to normal body functions by a non-living substance?
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Yes, and they can kill you. They inhibit synthesis, destroy blood cells, blood vessels, disrupt the NS and will give signs and symptoms of infection.
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What is shock?
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It is any life threating loss of blood pressure.
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What is Septic Shock?
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It is a loss of BP due to bacteria.
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How many known bacterian toxins are there?
300, 220, 90 or 150. |
220.
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What number of the known bacterias cause disease by damaging the cell membrane? 80,90,70 or 60.
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90 of the 220 known bacterias will cause damage to the cell membrane.
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Viruses that are capable of causing cancer or tumors are called?
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Mutagenic or Oncogenic
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A chemical that is structurly similar to a normal base that could cause a mutation is?
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A Nucleotide Analogue.
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A pure protien that causes a disease is called what?
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A Prion
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The actual physical properties that are manifested by genetic codes is?
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Phenotype
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Infectious agent responsible for thrush is?
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Candida
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Name the bacteria that causes Montazumas Revenge.
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Shigella
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A type of flatworm would be.
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A tremetode
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Name for a roundworm would be?
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Nematode
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Diatomes fall under what category of organisms?
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Algae
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Name the bacteria often blamed for causing ulcers?
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Heli-co-bacter pylori
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What category of microbes does Giardia lamblia fall under?
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Protazoa
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Extoxin is?
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Produced inside bacteria, secreted or released when bacteria lysis.
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Exotoxins can come from gram - or gram +. True or False?
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True, they come from either.
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Plasmids are......?
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Where exotoxins are produced.
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Are exotoxins souble in water?
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Yes, generally.
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Do exotoxins destroy parts of the host cell?
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Yes
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Do exotoxins inhibit function?
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Yes
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What is Entoxication?
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When a person is poisoned (ingest exotoxins).
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Is Botulism Exotoxin lethal, if so how mnay people will die from 1mg.
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Yes it is lethal and 1 mg will kill 1 million people or more.
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Do antibodies help against exotoxins?
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No
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Do antitoxin provide immuntiy to the exotoxins to fight exotoxins off.
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Yes and they denature them because they are proteins.
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Toxiod is when?
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We alter the exotoxin. Used in vaccinations. DPT is an ex. in producing antitoxins.
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Endotoxins are gram negative or gram positve?
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They are gram negative and are part of the outer portion of the membrane.
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Are endotoxins different than exotoxins and how?
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Yes they are different. They differ in that endotoxins are part of the outer membrane, they are gram - and they are the lipid A in LPS and are fat.
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Endotoxins work by?
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Stimulating macrophages to secrete the sytokaines. activate blood clot protiens which obstruct capillaries.
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Can endotoxins be present after death?
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Yes
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Do Endotoxins cause the body to produce effective antitoxins?
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No, thats why they are so hard to kill.
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Type 3 Exotoxins are known as AB Toxins and they have two to three parts, what are they?
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Type A- an enzyme and its active.
Type B- which binds to the surface receptor. AB toxin is by the bacterium. |
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Once B binds to the AB, it is transported to the host, A and B separate and A kills the host. True or False.
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True.
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Type 2 Toxins are Membrane disrupting and it lysis. True or False?
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True, they are membrane disrupting and they do lysis.
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Type 2 Toxins target and kill pahgocytes.
True or False |
True, they do kill phagocytes.
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Are type 2 Toxins are assciated with Leukocidin?
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Yes, they kiill WBC and macrophages. They are also a pore forming toxin.
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Hemolysin is?
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Is a form of exotoxin protein produced by bacteria which causes lysis of red blood cells. Destruction of RBC's.
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A substance that causes hemolysis is a?
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Hemolysin
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Streptolysin
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Produced by strep to kill RBC's.
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Type 1 Toxin is a?
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Super Antigen and causes a really intense immune response.
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Type 1 Toxin does what?
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It stimulates production of the T-cells to release a molecule called Cytokaines, hormones that inhibit or stimulate the cell.
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Type 1 Toxin with increased cytokaines can cause?
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Vomiting, diarrhea, shock and can be lethal.
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A GI toxin is?
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Is a intero toxin because it attacks the GI system regularly.
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A Nervouse system toxins is called?
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Neurotoxin because it attacks the nervous system.
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Phagocytes release?
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TNF (tumor necrosis factor).
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Does TNF bind to tissue?
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Yes, and it alter body chemisty, damaging capillaries making them more permeable and possible for significant loss of BP.
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How many cases of Toxic shock are there a year?
1. 500+ 2. 600+ 3. 700+ 4. 800+ |
More than half a million.
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Of the half a million how many will die from toxic shock in a month?
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1/3 will die within the month.
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How many of the remaining 1/2 will die within the year of Toxic Shock?
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1/2
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