Micro 1-Liners Upper Respiratory

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92. Cause of runny nose, red throat, and nasal pus

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Rhinoviruses

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93. Rhinoviruses and enteroviruses belong to picornavirus family, but the rhinoviruses differ from enteroviruses on

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Growth at 22oC/noninvasive

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94. Rhinovirus receptor in the nasal passages and upper tracheobronchial tree is

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ICAM-1

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95. Rhinovirus, influenza, parainfluenza, coronavirus, RSV, metapneumovirus, and adenovirus all cause

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Upper-respiratory infections (URIs)

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96. Sinusitis, otitis, laryngitis, exacerbations of bronchitis and asthma are mostly secondary to

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Viral URIs

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97. In HEENT, Streptococcus pneumoniae, non-typable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis all cause

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Acute otitis media (AOM) & sinusitis

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98. AOM and sinusitis are empirically treated with amoxicillin + clavulanate. Why use clavulanate?

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Haemophilus and Moraxella are β-lactamase producers

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99. Cause of pharyngeal pain, dysphagia, fever; red throat + purulent exudate that responds to penicillin

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Streptococcus pyogenes (aka: Group-A β-hemolytic Streptococcus = GABHS)

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100. GABHS is differentiated from GBBHS by what?

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Bacitracin sensitivity

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101. Common mode of acquisition of URI due to Streptococcus pyogenes?

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Infective droplets

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102. Major virulence factor with anti-phagocytic function of Streptococcus pyogenes

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M-protein fibrils

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103. Damage in posterior pharynx and tonsils due to Streptococcus pyogenes is associated with what host response?

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Pyogenic inflammation

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104. DOC of acute bacterial pharyngitis in a pt w/ Pen allergy

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Erythromycin > clindamycin

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105. Pyogenic complication of streptococcal pharyngitis

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Tonsillar abscess

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106. Toxigenic complication of streptococcal pharyngitis

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Scarlet fever >> TSS (rare)

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107. Immunologic complication of streptococcal pharyngitis

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Acute rheumatic fever (ARF)

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108. Cause of fever, red throat + purulent exudate -pseudomembrane with lymphadenopathy, in a pt w/ questionable immunization

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Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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109. Gram/special stain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae should reveal

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Gram(+) rods in palisade arrangements/metachromatic granules

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110. Virulence genotype of Corynebacterium diphtheriae is acquired by

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Transduction (phage mediated transfer of exotoxin gene)

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111. Isolate on tellurite agar culture of throat swab for a cause of diphtheria is confirmed by

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Immunodiffusion (ELEK) assay for toxin

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112. Mechanism of action of exotoxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae

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ADP ribosylation of EF-2 (inhibits protein synthesis)

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113. Damage to pharynx and cardiac myosites due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae is mediated by

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Cytotoxicity of A-B toxin

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114. Virologic Dx of URI symptoms, fever; red throat + purulent exudate; hepato-splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, in a teenager, is confirmed by

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heterophile antibody (+)

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115. Host cells preferentially infected by EBV are

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B cells

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116. EBV is biologically similar to what class of viruses?

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herpes viruses

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117. Host immune system controls the EBV infection, mediated by

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CD8+ T lymphocytes

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118. Rash occurs following which antibiotic(s) to treat infectious mononucleosis?

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amoxicillin

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119. Burkitt's lymphoma in some African population is a B-cell tumor due to oncogenesis by

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EBV

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120. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a B-cell tumor that is common in the Oriental population that consumes preserved fish, is due to oncogenesis by

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EBV

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121. Heterophile-negative infectious mononucleosis syndrome is due to ?

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CMV

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122. Gram-positive bacteria that cause acute otitis media (AOM)

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Streptococcus pneumoniae

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123. Gram-negative diplococci bacteria that cause AOM

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Moraxellar catarrhalis

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124. Gram-negative coccobacilli bacteria that cause AOM

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Haemophilus influenzae

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125. > 7 days of nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea; purulent nasal drainage + frontal pain/tenderness is treated with

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Amoxicillin & Clavulanate

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126. DOC for acute mastoiditis in a young child is amoxicillin & clavulanate; why?

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Same etiology as AOM

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127. Cause of “seal-like barking” cough + episodic aphonia w/ symptoms of URI in a child

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parainfluenza virus