Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Microbe |
Organism that is too small to see w/o microscope Decomposers Aid in digestion Cause disease : minority/ majority Makes enzymes, alcohol , insulin |
Bacteria, fungi, Protista, viruses |
|
|
Domains of life |
1 bacteria- cell walls w/ peptidoglycan 2 Archaea- w/o peptidoglycan 3 Eukarya- fungi, Protozoa , plants, animals |
|
|
|
Archaea |
Prokaryotes No peptidoglycan Harsh environment Methanogens- produce methane Halophiles- extreme salt loving Thermophiles- extreme heat loving |
3 groups Domain of Life |
|
|
Bacteria |
Unicellular prokaryotes Cell wall-peptidoglycan 3 shapes Bacillus- rods Coccus-oval Spiral |
Domain of life |
|
|
Fungi |
Eukaryotes Uni / multi cellular Produce asexually or sexually Obtain nutrients from environment Cell walls |
Molds Yeasts- unicellular |
|
|
Protozoa |
Uni / eukaryotes Moved by flagella or cilia Sexually or asexually Lives freely or parasite |
|
|
|
Viruses |
Acellular LM needed to be seen DNA or RNA enclosed by protein |
|
|
|
Robert Hooke |
1st to observe cells under microscope Cell theory 1665 |
|
|
|
Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
1st to observe microbes under microscope 1673-1723 Wrote about animalcules Spontaneous generation |
|
|
|
Louis Pasteur |
Disproved spontaneous generation Microbes present in air & contaminate nonliving Microbes killed by heat Aseptic techniques |
Germ theory Basis of aseptic techniques Disinfect surgical wounds |
|
|
Joseph Lister |
1857-1914 Fermentation- yeasts to sugar to alcohol (wine/ beer) Pasteurization-Wrote about animalcules Discovered silkworm disease- caused by Protozoa |
|
|
|
Robert Koch |
Linked diseases to organisms Postulates 4 steps Isolation, examination, experimentation, isolation of host |
|
|
|
Edward Jenner |
1796- discovered vaccines Cowpox/ smallpox |
Ex. Flu vaccine |
|
|
Edward Jenner |
1796- discovered vaccines Cowpox/ smallpox |
Ex. Flu vaccine |
|
|
Alexander Fleming |
Discovered antibiotic Penicillin - created by accident " mold killed bacteria" |
|
|
|
Mycology |
The study of fungi |
|
|
|
Biofilm |
Community of microbes on a surface |
Teeth Plastic Countertop |
|
|
Microflora |
Microbiota Collection of microbes that live inside our bodies Beneficial |
|
|
|
Bioremediation |
Use of microbes to breakdown pollutants & toxins |
|
|
|
Non covalent bonds |
Ionic bond E- given from one to another Gives an e- = + charge Receives an e- = - charge Atom w/ charge is a ion |
|
|
|
Colavent bond |
Chemical bond formed by sharing pairs of E- Property Of electronegativity Non polar - equally sharing e- ( hydrogen non soluble) Polar- non equal sharing e- Water soluble |
NP- Methane P- Ammonia Ionic- NaCl |
|
|
Carbon |
An organic molecule Living; complex structure Valence: 4 Combined w/ variety of atoms Forms chains/ rings Covalent |
|
|
|
Colavent bond |
Chemical bond formed by sharing pairs of E- Property Of electronegativity Non polar - equally sharing e- ( hydrogen non soluble) Polar- non equal sharing e- Water soluble |
NP- Methane P- Ammonia Ionic- NaCl |
|
|
Carbon |
An organic molecule Living; complex structure Valence: 4 Combined w/ variety of atoms Forms chains/ rings Covalent |
|
|
|
Acid |
More +H Gives up protons Transfer of protons |
Ex. HCL |
|
|
Bases |
Molecule that accepts protons Less H+ |
-OH |
|
|
Macromolecules |
4 groups Polymers made up of monomers Large organic molecules |
Carbs Lipids Nucleus acids Proteins |
|
|
Carbohydrates |
Diverse group of organic compounds Sugars & starches Function: energy source Ex. Mono-, di-, poly saccharides Cellulose, chitin,glycogen |
Monomer: CH2o Made up of C, H, O2 |
|
|
Monsaccharide |
Simple sugars 3-7 carbon atoms "Ose" Ex. DNA, glucose |
Hexose- primary energy source of cells 6-C |
|
|
Monsaccharide |
Simple sugars 3-7 carbon atoms "Ose" Ex. DNA, glucose |
Hexose- primary energy source of cells 6-C |
|
|
Polysaccharide |
10s-100s of monosaccharides Joined through dehydration Lack sugar; Not soluble Are able to split Types: starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin |
Macro- |
|
|
Disaccharides |
2 Monsaccharide joined by dehydration Can be broken down |
|
|
|
Disaccharides |
2 Monsaccharide joined by dehydration Can be broken down |
|
|
|
Lipids |
Fats: trigly-, phospholipid , steroid Made of C, H, O2 Nonpolar Function: energy storage; p. Membrane |
Monomer: C, H, O2 , Glycerol, & fatty acids Ex. Simple lipids, steroids, phospho- trigly- di- poly- |
|
|
Simple Lipids |
Fats & triglycerides Contain glycerol & fatty acid ( saturated no double bond) Unsaturated - 1 double bond |
Plasma membrane of cells -Glycerides |
|
|
Complex lipids |
Contain phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur Ex. Phospholipid Essential for cell survival Polar & nonpolar regions Makes membrane act |
|
|
|
Light microscope |
Has series of lenses & uses visible light Examine very small specimen Source of illumination Most common 2000x max mag 0.2 resolution |
|
|
|
Light microscope |
Has series of lenses & uses visible light Examine very small specimen Source of illumination Most common 2000x max mag 0.2 resolution |
|
|
|
Condenser |
Lense system located below microscope Directs light rays through specimen |
|
|
|
Objective lenses |
Lenses closest to specimen Lenses that magnify specimen |
|
|
|
Ocular lenses |
Closest to viewer Re magnifies image formed by objective lens |
|
|
|
Ocular lenses |
Closest to viewer Re magnifies image formed by objective lens |
|
|
|
Diaphragm |
Controls amount of light entering the condenser |
|
|
|
Bright field illumination |
Normal compound light microscope -stained smears |
|
|
|
Dark field microscope |
Examines microbes that are invisible in LM Can't be stained Distorted by stain Disk blocks light that would enter objective lens Examines unstained microbes in liquid |
|
|
|
Dark field microscope |
Examines microbes that are invisible in LM Can't be stained Distorted by stain Disk blocks light that would enter objective lens Examines unstained microbes in liquid |
|
|
|
Phase-contrast microscope |
Details of internal structure in microbes; Doesn't need to be stained Detailed examination Light wave phase Peaks& valleys |
|
|
|
Dark field microscope |
Examines microbes that are invisible in LM Can't be stained Distorted by stain Disk blocks light that would enter objective lens Examines unstained microbes in liquid |
|
|
|
Phase-contrast microscope |
Details of internal structure in microbes; Doesn't need to be stained Detailed examination Light wave phase Peaks& valleys |
|
|
|
Fluorescence microscopy |
Uses UV light Takes advantage of fluorescence Absorbs short wavelength (Uv) Give off light longer wavelength ( visible) |
|
|
|
Confocal microscopy |
Constructs 3D images using a computer Scans slices of image Put together by computer Stained w/ fluorochrome |
|
|
|
Electron microscope |
Objects smaller than 0.2 resolution Uses beam of electrons 2 types: transmission- "internal" & scanning- "outside" 3D view |
Sees viruses & internal cell |
|
|
Staining |
Attaching dye to microbe Kills & preserves microbe Microbe attached to slide=smear Fixing= keeps microbe from being washed off slide w/ stain |
|
|
|
Simple stain |
Single basic dye Smear then washed Grain & acid-fast stain |
|
|
|
Gram stain |
Distinguish bacteria into 2 groups (- & +) 1) covered in crystal violet 2)washed, covered in iodine 3) wash w/ alcohol 4) wash & stain w/ safrain- red (Counter stain ) |
5) washed & visualized |
|
|
Gram positive |
Retain purple color Thick peptidoglycan layer Crystal violet complex- can't be washed out |
|
|
|
Gram Negative |
Lose purple & dyed red Thin peptidoglycan layer & LPS |
|
|
|
Acid fast staining |
Separates bacteria into distinctive groups Binds w/ waxy material in cell wall -Myobacterium Red (carbolfuchsin soluble in lipids of cell wall |
1)red dye 2) washed w/ alcohol 3) stained w/ methylene blue Proved Tuberculosis |
|
|
Negative staining |
For microbes w/ capsules Mixed w/ colored particles Particles can't enter through capsule Contrast bt microbe & colored background |
|
|
|
Endospore staining |
Bacteria uses to live through harsh conditions Malachite green stain within pink stained cells |
|
|
|
Endospore staining |
Bacteria uses to live through harsh conditions Malachite green stain within pink stained cells |
|
|
|
Flagella staining |
Structure of cell movement Carbolfuchsin (red) |
|
