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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Standard incubation period for nosocomial infections
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48 hours
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Gram - rod
Nitrite + Leukoesterase + |
E. coli
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Approximate percent of hospital patients that acquire a significant nosocomial infection
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10%
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6 most common nosocomial infected body sites
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1. UTI = 34%
2. Surgical site = 17% 3. Bloodstream = 14% 4. Ventilator-associated pneumonia = 13% 5. Lower RT = 12% 6. GI = 10% |
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Most nosocomial pathogens come from where?
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indigenous microflora from the patient themself
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About 70% of nosocomial infections are due to _________
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multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria
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8 risk factors associated with Nosocomial infections
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1. advanced age, malnutrition (EtOH, Tobacco)
2. Nursing home residents 3. Chronic diseases (DM, COPD, CF) 4. Trauma, surgery, burns 5. Invasive procedures and devices 6. Immunosuppression 7. recent antibiotic therapy 8. Recumbent position |
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What is needed in the treatment of catheter-associated UTI?
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early removal of catheter
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Gram + cocci in clumps that causes Abscesses
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S. aureus or epidermidis
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infection most commonly associated with catheters, shunts, or prosthetic devices
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
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Indwelling device infections are caused by strains that produce what?
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Extracellular slime
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What serves as the major habitat for S. epidermidis?
What other places may it inhabit? |
skin
mucus membranes -oropharynx -nares -vagina -urethra |
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Nosocomial pneumonias develop most frequently from what?
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inapparent aspiration of upper airway secretions
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Hospital-acquired pneumonia rates:
-moderately to severely ill patients at __1__ -patients undergoing __2__ -patients requiring __3__ -severe underlying __4__ -infection with __5__ -patients requiring mechanical __6__ |
1. the extremes of age
2. ab or thoracic surgery 3. intensive care 4. disease or respiratory compromise 5. P. aeruginosa 6. ventilation*** (6-20 X's higher) |
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Colonization of the Upper RT with these bacteria occurs within days of ICU admission
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Gram - bacilli (rods)
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Most common bacteria that account for Nosocomial Pneumonia
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S. aureus = 17.4%
P. aeruginosa = 17.4% Klebsiella / Enterobacter = 18% Haemophilus = 5% |
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Who is usually the most important reservoir for multi-drug resistant nosocomial organisms?
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infected or colonized patients
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Cross-infection and cross-colonization arise from what?
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contaminated hands of health care workers
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Morphology of P. aeruginosa
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gram - rod
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How is P. aeruginosa usually treated?
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multiple antibiotics
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What organism most commonly causes infection after broad-spectrum antibiotics?
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Clostridium difficile
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With C. difficile, a stool gram stain should be performed to detect what?
What other test is useful in the workup for C. difficile? |
White blood cells
C. difficile toxins |
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What pathology does C. difficile cause?
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Pseudomembranous colitis
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Characteristics of C. difficile
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Gram +
Spore-forming Obligate Anaerobic Rod |
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2 toxins produced by C. difficile
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Enterotoxin (toxin A)
Cytotoxin (toxin B) |
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When does C. difficile only produce its toxins?
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during the growth phase when normal flora are killed off and C. difficle has a chance to grow
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What do you do with a patient who is positive for MRSA?
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place the patient in contact isolation
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In immunocompromised patients with Nosocomial bloodstream infections, special cultures are done for these agents
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Nocardia
Atypical Mycobacteria CMV |
