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175 Cards in this Set
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Innate immunity |
Individuals are born with it |
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Acquired immunity |
You have to develop this |
Lymphocytes land |
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Neutrophils |
Bloodstream |
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Macrophages |
Tissue |
Eat viruses |
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Active immunity |
Must build up your own antibodies and cellular defense |
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Passive immunity |
Get your own antibodies or additionao antibodies from someone else |
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Natural active immunity |
Had disease; get better |
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Natural passive immunity |
Get from mom 3rd trimester and breast feeding |
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Artificial active immunity |
Vaccinated/protected |
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Artificial passive immunity |
Injected with other individuals antibodies |
Pooled serum |
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Epidemiology |
Understanding disease transmission |
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Ignaz semmelweis |
Determined source of blood poisoning in women childbirth |
1847 |
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John snow |
Determined cause of cholera transmission in London |
1854 |
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Florence Nightingale |
Mother of nursing |
1854 |
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Statistician |
Convinced people the importance of nursing care and hygiene |
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1st to work with anesthetics |
John snow |
1854 |
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Louis Pasteur |
Proposes germs cause infectious disease |
1862 |
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Pasteurization |
Heating to kill pathogens |
Germ theory of disease |
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Who developed vaccines for anthrax and rabies? |
Louis Pasteur |
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Joseph Lister |
Applies germ theory to medical procedures |
Successfully treated compound fracture with carbolic acid so it healed w/o infection |
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Robert Koch |
Provides first proof that bacteria actually causes disease. |
1876 |
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Who discovered the cause of anthrax? |
Robert Koch |
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Koch's postulate |
Sequence of steps for directly relating specific microbe to specific disease |
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Who developed successful rabies vaccine? |
Pasteur |
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Who described phagocytosis? |
Eli metchnikoff |
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Who isolated tubercle bacillus? |
Koch |
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Who put bacteriology on the map? |
Koch, Pasteur and colleagues |
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Who recognized beneficial roles of nitrogen fixing bacteria? |
Winogradsky |
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Walter Reed |
Demonstrated that a mosquito served as the intermediate host and worked out the transmission of yellow fever |
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Most prokaryotes reproduce by.. |
Binary fission |
Evolve rapidly |
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Binary fission |
Doubles in mass, DNA replicates and 2 strands separate |
What happens |
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Cytokinesis |
Inward pinching of cell membrane and cell wall to separate into 2 genetically identical cells |
Sister cells |
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Generation time |
Double in size |
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Lag phase |
No cell division occurs |
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Log phase |
Growth period |
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Stationary phase |
Nutrients go down, growth stops |
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Decline phase |
Dying out |
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Which phase does human disease occur in? |
Log phase depending on where at in phase determines how sick you feel |
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Some gram + rods can produce.. |
Endospores |
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Endospores |
Form when nutrients is low |
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Endospores contain... |
DNA, cytoplasm, dipicolinic acid |
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Symbiosis |
Living together |
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Mutualism |
Both species benefit |
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Commensalism |
One species benefits |
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Parasitism |
One species benefits, other harmed |
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Pathogenicity |
Refers to microbes ability to enter a host and cause disease |
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Virulence |
Degree of pathogenicity |
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Pathogenicity islands |
Gene clusters responsible for virulence |
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Exogenous infection |
Occurs if pathogen breaches hosts external defense and enter sterile tissue |
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Endogenous infection |
If normals microbia enter sterile tissue |
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Opportunistic infections |
Commensals take advantage of change in body's environment that favors microbe |
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Primary infection |
Occurs in otherwise healthy body |
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Secondary infection |
Body weakened by primary infection |
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Local disease |
Restricted to single area |
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Systemic diseases |
Disseminate to organs and systems |
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Signs |
Evidence of disease detected by nurse or doctor |
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Symptoms |
Change in body functions sensed or observed by patient |
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Syndrome |
Complex of signs and symptoms that demonstrate pattern of disease or genetic disorder |
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Incubation period |
Time between entry of the microbe and symptom appearance |
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Prodromal phase |
Time of mild signs or symptoms |
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Acme period |
When signs and symptoms are most intense |
Climax |
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Period of decline |
Signs and symptoms subside |
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Period of convalescence |
Body systems return to normal |
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Acute diseases |
Develop rapidly, severe symptoms, fade quickly |
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Chronic disease |
Linger for long periods of time, slow to develop and recede |
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Portal of entry |
Route an exogenous pathogen uses to enter body |
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Infectious dose |
Number of microbes entering the body |
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Invasiveness |
Ability of a pathogen to penetrate tissues and spread |
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Coagulase |
Used to form blood clot |
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Steptokinase |
Dissolves fibrin clots and allows dissemination of bacteria |
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Hyaluronidase |
Enhance pathogen penetration through tissue |
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Leukocidins |
Disintegrate neutrophils and macrophages |
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Hemolysins |
Dissolve rbc |
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Extoxins |
Protein molecules made during bacterial metabolism |
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Toxigenicity |
Ability of pathogens to produce toxins |
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Toxemia |
Presence of toxins in blood |
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Exotoxins |
Proteins produced during bacterial metabolism |
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Neurotoxins |
Act in nervous system |
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Enterotoxins |
Act on gastrointestinal system |
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Endotoxins |
Released upon disintegration of gram - cell wall |
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Antitoxins |
Produced by host body and neutralize toxins |
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Toxoids |
Toxins whose toxicity has been destroyed but still elicit an immune response |
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Communicable disease |
Contagious |
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Non communicable disease |
Not easily transmitted to another host |
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Direct contact methods |
Involve close or personal contact with an infected person |
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Indirect contact method |
Involve fomites |
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Resevoirs |
Ecological niches where microbes live and reproduce |
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Carriers |
Recovered from disease but continue to shed disease agents |
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Zoonoses |
Disease transmitted from other vertebrae animals to humans |
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Endemic |
Habitually present at a low level in certain geographical area |
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Sporadic |
Show up time to time |
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Epidemic |
Occurs in region in excess if what is normally found in population |
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Outbreak |
Contained epidemic |
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Pandemic |
Worldwide epidemic |
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Sterilization |
Destruction of all living microbes, spores, and viruses |
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Sanitization |
Reduces number of pathogens or discourages growth |
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Does autoclaving kill prions? |
No |
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Microbicidal |
Kills organism |
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Microbiostatic |
Reduces or inhibits growth |
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Incineration |
Burning it up |
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Dry heat |
Ovens |
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Moist heat |
Boiling water |
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Is boiling water sterilization? |
No |
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Autoclaving |
Heat under pressure |
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Pasteurization |
Reduces bacterial population and destroys organisms that cause human disease |
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Thermal death time |
Time necessary to kill given population at given temp |
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Thermal death point |
Lowest temp at which given species or population dies at given time |
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Antiseptics |
Destroy pathogens on living tissue |
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Sanitizing |
Reducing microbial population to safe level |
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Degerming |
Removing organisms from objects surface |
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Who started chemotherapy? |
Paul Ehrlich |
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Who originated the concept of selective toxicity "magic bullet" |
Paul Ehrlich |
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Who discovered effectiveness of arsphenamine against syphilis? |
Ehrlich and Hata |
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Who developed prontosil? |
Domagk |
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Prontosil |
Red dye found to inhibit gram + bacterial species tested on septicemia |
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Selective toxicity |
Drug should harm the pathogen but not host |
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Toxic dose |
Concentration causing harm to host |
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Therapeutic dose |
Eliminating pathogens in the host |
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Altered metabolic pathway |
Bacterial enzyme changes or bacteria evolves alternate metabolic pathway |
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Antibiotic modification |
Bacteria may evolve the ability to enzymatically inactivate antibiotic |
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Target modification |
Bacteria may evolve the ability to prevent drug entry into cytoplasm or to pump drug out of cytoplasm |
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Index case |
First human case of disease in current outbreak or epidemic |
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Vehicle |
Non human source for the infection |
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Point source epidemic |
Disease occurred in most cases within typical range of incubation period and no further transmission occured |
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Propagated epidemic |
Infected organisms transmit infection from one to another over time. Will progress through a group over a period of time that is longer than typical incubation period |
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Are endospores a form of reproduction? |
No |
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Psychrophiles |
Grow below 15°C and make up the largest portion of all prokaryotes on earth |
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Psychotrophs |
Thrive at cool temps between 0°C and 30°C -responsible for most food spoilage under refrigeration |
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Mesophiles |
Thrive at medium temp range of 10°C and 45°C, including pathogens that thrive in human body |
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Body temp |
37°C |
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Room temp |
24°C |
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Thermophiles |
Multiply best around 60°C, living in compost heaps and hot springs |
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Hyperthermophiles |
Archaea that grow optimally above 80°C, found in sea floor hot water vents |
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Obligate aerobes |
Has to be that way |
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Anaerobes |
Do not or cannot use oxygen |
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Obligate anaerobes |
Inhibited or killed by oxygen |
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Aerotolerant |
Insensitive to oxygen |
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Facultative anaerobes |
Grow either with oxygen or in reduced environments |
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Do obligate aerobes need oxygen? |
Yes |
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Where would facultative anaerobes grow best and fastest? |
With oxygen available at all times |
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What are humans best described as? |
Obligate anaerobe |
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Thioglycollate broth |
Used to test organisms oxygen sensitivity |
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Capnophilic |
Bacteria require an atmosphere low in oxygena and rich in carbon dioxide |
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What Ph level do majority of species grow? |
Neutral (7.0) |
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Acidophiles |
Acid tolerant prokaryotes "used to turn milk into buttermilk, yogurt, etc" |
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Barophiles |
Can withstand incredibly high hydrostatic pressure |
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Halophiles |
Salt tolerant prokaryotes |
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Complex media |
Chemical unidentified medium such as a nutrient broth or nutrient agar or trypric soy broth or agar |
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Chemically defined/synthetic medium |
Exact chemical composition of medium is known |
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Selective media |
Contain ingredients to inhibit growth of certain species and allow growth of others |
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Differential medium |
Contains specific chemical to indicate species that possess or lack a biochemical process |
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Diffinative |
Multiple biochemical tests |
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Enriched medium |
Contain specific nutrients |
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Pure culture |
Population consisting of only one species of prokaryotes |
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Vertical gene transfer |
Transfer of genetic material from parent cell to daughter cell |
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Horizontal gene transfer |
Transfer of DNA from donor cell to recipient cell |
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Mutation |
Natural or induced |
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Transformation |
Uptake of naked DNA |
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Conjugation |
Transfer of DNA from one cell to another using a sex pilus |
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Generalized transduction |
Transfer of bacterial DNA with bacteriophages giving new bacterial genes only |
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Specialize transduction |
Transfer of DNA with bacteriophages giving new viral genes and a few new bacterial |
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How did we learn about gene transfer? |
Frederick Griffith |
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Virulent phages |
Lytic cycle |
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Temperature phages |
Lysogenic cycle |
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Transduced |
New traits |
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Generalized transduction |
Moving about of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another |
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Specialized transduction |
Gives a strain of bacteria the ability to make a special toxin- only if they have the prophage |
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Circular chromosome |
Where bacterias essential genes are contained |
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Essential genes |
Genes that bacteria has to have to make it's living "housekeeping genes" |
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Why are plasmids important to bacteria? |
They allow bacteria to survive anywhere |
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F plasmids "fertility factors" |
Genes for conjugation and plasmid transfer |
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R plasmids "resistance factors" |
Genes for resistance to antibiotics or heavy metals |
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Offensive abilities |
Bacteriocins or antibiotics |
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Toxin production |
Anthraz toxin |
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Mutagens |
Physical or chemical agents that increase mutation rate of DNA |
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