Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
1. Describe the color (in a Gram stained smear) of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, respectively!
|
Gram positives: dark blue
Gram negatives: red/pink |
|
|
2. Describe the structure of the bacterial
lipopolysaccharide! |
lipid A + core polysaccharide + O-specific (polysaccharide) side chain
|
|
|
3. What role(s) is (are) attributed to
bacterial pili (fimbriae)? |
adhesion; conjugation (sex fimbriae)
|
|
|
4. Mention a bacterium and its virulence
factor that is encoded by a lysogenic bacteriophage! |
Corynebacterium diphteriae – diphtheria toxin
Streptococcus pyogenes – erythrogenic toxin |
|
|
5. Specify the bacterial genera containing
obligate intracellular pathogens! |
Chlamydia, Rickettsia, (Coxiella, Ehrlichia)
|
|
|
6. Mention at least 5 possible transmission
ways of infections! |
respiratory droplets (infectious aerosol)
faecal-oral direct contact (such as sexual) fomites (inanimate objects) blood vectors (blood-sucking arthropods) |
|
|
7. List the possible shapes of bacteria.
Write one example per category. |
coccus (spherical): Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
rod: Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Gram negative rods curved rod: Vibrio spiral: Spirochetes (Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira) |
|
|
8. What are the essential components of bacterial cells?
|
cytoplasm, nucleoid (genome), cell membrane, (cell wall)
|
|
|
9. What is a vector? Write an example!
|
Vector is an arthropod that transmits infection from human to human, or from animal to human
Examples: tick – Lyme disease; louse – epidemic typhus; mosquito – malaria |
|
|
10. What is a reservoir? Write an example.
|
The normal host of a pathogen (human or animal) serving as a continuous source of
infection to other hosts. Salmonella typhi – human Yersinia pestis - rat |
|
|
11. Mention 3 reliable methods of sterilization!
|
autoclaving, hot air oven (dry heat), gamma-radiation, filtration (fluids), gas
sterilization (not acceptable: boiling, pasteurisation, UV!) |
|
|
12. Mention 5 groups of disinfectants!
|
alcohols; aldehydes (alkylating agents); phenol derivatives; detergents;
chlorine + iodine = oxidising agents |
|
|
13. Mention a group of antimicrobial drugs that act on the bacterial ribosome and usually has bactericidal effect!
|
aminoglycosides
|
|
|
14. Describe precisely what toxoid means!
|
Inactivated bacterial exotoxin that is not toxic but immunogenic
|
|
|
15. Mention 2 broad-spectrum (effective against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria) penicillin derivatives.
|
ampicillin, amoxicillin, piperacillin, azlocillin, mezlocillin
|
|
|
16. Mention an antifungal and an antibacterial drug that alter the function of the cell membrane!
|
antifungal: Amphotericin B, azoles; antibacterial: polymyxins
|
|
|
17. What are the possible mechanisms of acquired penicillin resistance of bacteria?
Mention at least 3 mechanisms! |
1. beta-lactamase production
2. PBP (target) alteration 3. reduced permeability 4. active efflux 5. (tolerance) |
|
|
18. Mention a drug belonging to macrolides!
|
erythromycin, spiramycin, roxithromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
|
|
|
19. Mention 2 drugs belonging to aminoglycosides!
|
streptomycin, gentamycin, tobramycin, amikacin
|
|
|
20. Mention 2 groups of antimicrobial drugs that act on the 30 S subunit of the bacterial ribosome!
|
aminoglycosides, tetracyclines
|
