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51 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

How big is a virus?

50-100 um

Viruses are ___________ than Bacteria

Smaller

Viruses called ______________ can infect and set in motion a __________ takeover of bacteria

bacteriophages, genetic

The viruses use the cell as a viral factory? T/F

T

Virus comes from the latin word ___________

Poison

In two decades HIV has killed ___________ people

25 million

Place in order of smallest to largest:


atom


virus


bacteria


small molecule


protein



atom, small molecule, protein, virus, bacteria

How were viruses discovered?

When they passed the bacterial solution through a filter and they inject rabbits who still got infected.

What is the ratio of RNA:DNA based viruses?

50:50

What are a couple of the main features of viruses?

* Have a docking mechanism to attach to cells




* Can be RNA or DNA and single or double stranded




* Totally dependant on living cells




* Can takeover once inside





What is a virion?

They are the ones that float around looking for new hosts to infect.

What is seropositivity?

Antibodies measurement - measured as get older- increases

Virions acquire an __________ during maturation through a process termed ___________ - from cellular membranes

envelope, budding,

No envelope = __________________

naked virus

What are the 2 types of proteins in the envelope that a viral coded?

Glycoproteins (Spikes)




matrix Protein (Helical)





Enveloped Viruses are released by _______ and cell __________

budding, lysis

Enveloped viruses are environmentally sensitive to?

acid, detergent, desiccation, heat

Enveloped Cells modify Host _______________ ______________ during replication

Cell membrane

What are some of the downfalls of these enveloped features?

Must be in moist enviro




Cannot survive in GIT




Doesn't always kill cell

Naked Capsids are environmentally stable against:

acids, temp, proteases, detergents, dessication

What are the consequences of a naked virus?

easy spread




retain infectivity after drying




resist detergent




survive in GIT




resist sewage treatment





What are the 2 architecture of visions?

Sphere and Helical

Sphere is normally in the form of an ________________

isocahedron

Why is a sphere great?

best way of protecting




strong structure that uses min energy

What shape is a helical virus?

cylindrical

Several RNA viruses undergo self assembly as a __________ _____________.

cylindrical nucleocapsid.

The viral ______ forms a spiral within the __________ structure

RNA, capsid

Each ____________ consists of a single protein

capsomer

All animal viruses with __________ symmetry have a lipid envelope

helical

An ICOSAHEDRON is composed of ____ facets, each an equilateral ___________, and ____ vertices (corners)

20, triangle, 12

IN the icosahedron, Because of the axes of rotational symmetry is said to have _:_:_ symmetry

5:3:2

How are viruses named?

DNA or RNA > envelope or naked > helical or icosahedral


What system of naming is most important in viruses?


Family

What is replication?

Copy genome

What is transcription?

copy genome to make RNA

What are the 4 types of polymerase?

RdRp


RT


DdDp


DdRp (not viral)



Routes of entry of viruses include:



Skin/Wounds


Mucosal


Blood


vertical


Respiratory


enteric


sexual


milk


transplant

What has a short incubation period?

Enterovirus


Common cold


flu


arbovirus

What virus has a medium incubation period?

Polio,

measles

mumps

rubella


varicella






Long incubation periods?

Hep a


Hep b


Rabies


mononucleosis

Very Long incubation

SSPE


Cruetzfeldt-jakobs

Mechanism of viral disease production include, 1) Cell _______


2) Interference with the __________ of essential cells


3) Body’s response to deal with cell ___________.


4) Rashes


5) Fever


6) Triggering autoimmune response – post-infectious ____________________.

1) Death


2) function


3) damage


6) encephalomyelitis





pro-inflammatory cytokines cause _______, ________ and __________

Fever


Rash


Malaise



unrestricted viral _____________ can directly cause death of cells eg neurones

replication

CTL mediated _______ of infected cells can cause damage to the organ

lysis

high levels of _________-_________ complexes can cause kidney disease

antigen- antibody

Viral replication within a cell produces visible effectsor appearances known as _____________ __________ (____)

cytopathic effects (CPE)

CPE - Cytopathic effects include:

Cell Lysis




Cell fusion




Inclusion bodies = aggregation of visions




Transformation

Acute non-persistent infections have either a:

Rapid Recovery (flu) or Rapid Death (rabies)

Persistent infection with acute onset have a:

Symptom free period ( herpes)




Long Symptom free followed by death or illness


( EBV, HIV)




Chronic disease (HCV, HBV)

Why are persistent infections important?

Reactivation


Cause chronic or progressive disease


Tumours


Confusion of diagnosis