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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Lipids are
-nonpolar -bipolar -polar -hyperpolar |
Nonpolar
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Lipids are a class of biomolecules whose only common feature is
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that they are NOT soluble in water
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What are the important functions of lipids
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-structural component of MEMBRANES
-ENERY STORAGE -PROTECTIVE coating -metabolic regulation (warmth) |
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What are fatty acids?
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long-chain monocarboxylic (mono = 1) acids that are the major components of fats and oils
Basically long hydrocarbon chains with a carbonyl group |
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What are three major characteristics of fatty acids?
-solubility -arrangement -bonding |
INSOLUBLE in water (like all lipids)
Ussually made up of EVEN number of carbons in a STRAIGHT chain. May or May not include double bonds |
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If a fatty acid chain includes double bonds it is called
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UNSATURATED
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If a fatty acid chain contains several double bonds it is termed
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POLY unsaturated
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If a fatty acid has no double bonds it is then called
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SATURATED
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Lipds are distinguished in to TWO categories. What are they?
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Saponifiable and non-saponifiable lipids
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Name the 5 examples of saponifiable lipids
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Waxes
Triglycerides Phosphoglycerides Sphingolypids Glycolipids |
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Name the 2 examples of non-saponifiable lipids
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Steroids and Terpenes (TARPAN, lol)
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Waxes are...
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esters of fatty acids and long-chain alcohols
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What is the purpose of waxes
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protective coatings for hair, skin, and feathers, and to protect plants from dehydration and insects
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Triglycerides, which are also known as triglycerols, are
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esters of glycerol and three fatty acids
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Glycerols are classified as monoglycerols, diglycerols or triglycerols according to WHAT?
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the number of fatty acids they have attached to the glycerol group.
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Fats are ________ at room temperature and are obtained usually from
________ sources |
SOLIDS; ANIMAL
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Oils are ________ at room temperature and are obtained usually from _______ sources
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liquid; PLANT
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WHAT CONDITIONS ARE REQUIRED FOR THE "HYDROLYSIS" OF TRIGLYCERIDES TO TAKE PLACE?
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3 moles of water +
H+ or lipase |
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What are the two PRODUCTS we get in the process of "HYDROLYSIS" of tricerides?
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GLYCEROL and THREE fatty acids
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in the "HYDROLYSIS" of triglycerides, which bond is cleaved?
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The bond between the Carbonyl Carbon and its neighboring oxygen.
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HYDROLYSIS of triglycerides
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Name the reaction
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"SAPONIFICATION" of triglycerides
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Name the reaction
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What are the products in "SAPONIFICATION" of triglycerides?
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Glycerol and 3 SALTs of fatty acids
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What conditions are required for the saponification of triglycerides?
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a BASE (KOH, LiOH, NaOH) and Water
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What simple property is at play in the "cleaning action of soap"?
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Like dissolves like
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In the cleaning action of soap, what are the characteristics of the heads and tails of soap molecules?
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Soap molecules have polar heads (hydrophyllic) and non-polar tails (hydrophobic)
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what part of the soap molecule is responsible for the removal of oil and dirt from the skin?
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The TAILS of the soap since they are NONPOLAR as is dirt and oil
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Emulsions that are formed can be broken down into smaller bodies called __________ as a result of scrubbing.
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Micelles
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Hydrogenation of Triglycerides
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Name the reaction
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What catalyst is required to HYDROGENATE triglycerides?
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Ni, Pt, Pd (one of these)
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In the food pyramid where do fats and oils sit? Why?
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On the top. Because they should be used sparingly to prevent artheriosclerosis
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1 gram of fat or oil
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9 calories
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1 gram of carbohydrates or proteins
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4 calories
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Lipids have a _____ energy content
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HIGH
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Unused nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) are converted into small ____________ that are deposited in _____________
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GLOBULES OF FAT; ADIPOSE TISSUE
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The energy storage of ___________is long-term, unlike the energy storage of __________, which is short-term
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ADIPOSE TISSUE; GLYCOGEN
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Percent fat (% fat) =
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(fat calories/total calories) × 100
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Fat calories =
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number of grams of fat listed on the label × (9 calories/1 gram of fat)
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Phosphoglycerides have two fatty acids: a ____________ and an _________________
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PHOSPHATE GROUP; AMINO ALCOHOL
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Phosphoglycerudes are found in
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cell membranes
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The fluid mosaic model says that a cell membrane has a double layer of phospholipids, which is called the ____________
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lipid bilayer
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The center of this layer has ________ hydrocarbon tails
The outer surface has the polar phosphate and amino alcohol groups |
nonpolar on the inside and polar surface (much like soap)
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TOUGH QUESTION!
Sphingolipids contain |
the amino alcohol sphingosine, instead of glycerol, one fatty acid, a phosphate group, and an amino alcohol
Unlike most saponifiable lipids, they have an amide bond instead of an ester bond |
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Sphingolipids are found in
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the brain and nerve tissue
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Glycolipids contain
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sphingosine, one fatty acid, and a monosaccharide (usually galactose or glucose)
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Glycolipids are found in
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the brain and in the myelin of neurons
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__________ have a fused-ring structure that is called the steroid nucleus
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Steroids
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_____________ is the most common type of steroid
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Cholesterol
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Cholesterol is essential for the production of
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hormones, vitamin D and bile acids
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Where is cholesterol found in the body?
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brain, nerve tissue, myelin, cellular membranes and the liver
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What are the TWO sources of Cholesterol in the body?
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Those synthesized by the body from fats
AND Those consumed in animal products |
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________ are found in essential oils and flavorings, chlorophyll, and the visual pigments of the retina
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terpene
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Vitamin _____ is a Terpene
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A
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