Michael's Histology Note Cards #2

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Erythrocytes (SEM) No nucleus

Note: Normal, biconcave RBCs (Left)

Irregularly shaped RBCs of spherocytosis (Right)

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Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of RBCs

Note: Echinocytes - Transformed RBCs (Right)

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Back 3

Top Left: Neutrophil (N), Monocyte (M), Lymphocyte (L)

Top Right: Eosinophil (E), Neutrophil (N)

Bottom Left: Lymphocyte (L), Neutrophil (N)

Bottom Right: Eosinophil (E)

Function of Eosinophils: Parasitic infections - they have enzymes to fight infection - Peroxidases and oxidase enzymes fight infections

Function of Neutrophils: Phagocytosis

Primary function of Macrophages: Phagocytosis

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Lymphocyte (L), Monocyte (M), Basophil (B)

(Found in blood)

Basophil function: Similar to mast cells, release histamine in response to allergic or parasitic reactions. Mast cells seen in connective tissue throughout body

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Back 5

Reticulocytes

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Back 6

Platelets, process of platelet formation, blepping

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Platelet (SEM)

Note: Granules in the region called "granulomere"

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Platelet (SEM)

Note: Granule free peripheral region called "Hyalomere" (H)

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Back 9

Hemopoiesis - Bone marrow (Andria note: Hamopoiesis is the growth/development of blood cells)

Function: Red, platelet, WBC, etc.

Erythropoiesis, leukopoiesis, hemopoiesis

Note: Megakaryocyte function - platelet production

Fat cells int he stroma (arrow)
(Andria note: Erythropoiesis is the growth/development of RBCs. Leukpoiesis is the growth/development of WBCs)

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Hemopoiesis in the liver

Note: Hepatocytes (Vesicular nuclei), Central Vein (V), Hemopoietic elements (arrows), meakaryocyte (M)

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Megakaryocyte

Note: Multilobulated nucleus and granular appearing cytoplasm

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Back 12

Mature megakaryocyte

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Back 13

Platelet formation (SEM)

Note: Blebbing of the hyalomere (H)
Platelet (P)

Demarcation vesicles (D)

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Back 14

Lymphocyte (Peripheral blood)

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Back 15

Lymphocyte in the epithelium and lamina propria of SI Villus (arrow)

Note: Lymphocytes (arrows)

Central lacteal (lymphatic capillary)

Endocytes (E)

PMN (N)

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Back 16

Lymphatic tissue in loose connective tissue

Note: Fibroblasts (F)

Lymphocytes (arrow)

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Back 17

Peyer's patches in ileum. Function: immune function

Note: Nodular aggregates of lymphocytes (N)

Germinal center (arrow)

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Back 18

Nodular Aggregates of lymphocytes

Note: Cells in mitosis

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Back 19

Appendix

Note: Abundant lymphocyte concentration (L)

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Large intestine showing a lymphatic nodule (collection of lymph nodes)

Note: Germinal center (G)

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Back 21

Palatine tonsil - Partially encapsulated lymphoid organ

Note: Stratified squamous epithelium (arrows)

Crypts - Epithelial invaginations (C)

Connective tissue of capsule (CA)

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Back 22

Lymphoid (whole)

Note: Cortex (Co), Paracortex (Pc), Medulla (M), Hilum (H), Capsule (arrows), Medullary cords of lymphocytes (Mc)

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Lymph node - Cortex

Note: Subcapsular sinus (Ss), Capsule (C), Connective tissue trabecula (T), Germinal centers of secretive nodules of cortex (G), Trabecula sinus (Ts)

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Back 24

Lymph node

Note: Medullary sinuses (Ms), Blood vessels (V), Medullar cords of lymphocytes (arrow)

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Spleen function: immune function and a minor reservoir for blood storage. Bacterial clearance occurs here

Note: Lymphatic nodules of red and white pulp (N), Germinal center (G), Central artery (arrow)

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Thymus

Note: Hassall's corpuscle (arrow)

Absence of nodules in - Cortex (C) and Medulla (M)

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Back 27

Spinal Cord and nerve fibers of dorsal roots (F) and ventral roots (V)

Note: White matter (W), Dorsal gray matter (DG), Ventral gray matter (VG), Dorsal root ganglion (D), Central canal (C), Inter vertebral disc (ID)

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Spinal cord - Transverse section

Note: White matter (Peripheral), gray matter (Central H-form), Anterior horn (A), Posterior horn (P), Anterior median fissure (F), Posterior median septum (arrow)

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Motor Neuron

Note: Nucleolus (NI), Nissl Bodies (NB), Axon hillock (AH), Axon (A), Dendrites (D), Blood vessels (V)

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Ventral gray matter and motor neurons

Note: Nerve fibers (F), Nucleus (N), Nucleolus (NU), Lipofuscin (L)

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Back 31

Neuronal cells (N) and Neuroglial cells (G) - Morphology

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Cerebellum

Note: Molecular layer (M), Granular layer (G), Purkinje layer (P), White layer (W)

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Cerebellum

Note: A typical Purkinje cells (S), highly branched cell process (P)

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Back 34

Protoplasmic astrocytes (Gray matter of spinal cord) / Mossy cells. Provide nutritional and structural support

Note: Cell body (soma) (S), Cell processes (P)

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Cerebral cortex (C) (B-layers)

Note: White matter (W), Blood vessel (V), Corpus callosum (CC), fornix (F)

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Anterior Horn (Motor) of spinal cord

Note: Oligodendrocytes (function - synthesize myelon, seen in CNS - in PNS, joan cells synthesize myelon) (CHECK IT), Multipolar neuron

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Back 37

Pseudounipolar Neuron

Note: The single process leaving the perikaryon (arrow)

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Back 38

Ependymal cells lining the ventricle of the brain and spinal canal (fxn directional flow of CSF) (arrow)

Note: Simple cuboidal epithelium with apical cilia in capillaries (V)

Nuclei of astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

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Back 39

Epdnymal lining the central canal (C) of the spinal cord

Simplecolumnar epithelium with cilia (arrow) and microvilli

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Dorsal root ganglion in PNS (sensory)

Note: Connective tissue capsule (C)

Ganglion (G)

Nerve fibers (F)

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Back 41

Dorsal root ganglion (sensory)

Note: Large ganglion cells

Nucleus (N)

Nucleolus (Nu)

Satellite cells (S)

Lipofuscin (L)

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Back 42

Synpathetic ganglion aka autonomic ganglion supporting cells of sympth ganglion

Note: Ganglion cell

Satellite cells (arrow) fxn nutritional support

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Back 43

Periphereal nerve bundle

Note: Epineurium (E), perineurium (P), Nerve fascicle (N), Artery (A), Vein (V)

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Back 44

Myelinated nerve fibers

Note: Perineurium (P), Myelin sheath, Schwan cells (S), Endoneural nuclei

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Back 45

Solitary nerve fascicle

Note: Perineurium (P)

Endoneurium of the nerve fiber (E)

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Myelinated nerve fiber with the node of Ranvier (fxn: saltitory, faster conduction) (N)

Note: Myelin sheath, Axon (A), Endoneurium of the node (E)

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Skeletal muscle fibers, striated. It's a true synsechium (formed by fusion of multiple myoblasts) - Looks like one unit and functions as one unit

Note: Nuclei (N), Dark bands (A), Light bands (I), Central "H" bands (Light)

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Musculo tendinous junction

Note: Connective tissue of endomysium

Collagen bundles

Nuclei of fibroblasts (Tenocytes) (N)

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Back 49

Electron Micrograph of myofibrils

Note: Dark bands (anisotropic) (A)

Light 'H' bands with 'M' line (dark)

Iosotropic light bands (I) with dark 'Z' lines (Sarcomere Z to Z) or Discs

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Skeletal muscle fascicle

Note: Perimysium (P), Endomysium (E)

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Back 51

Sacrospinalis (Transverse section)

Note: Red (R) and White (W) fibers

Intermediate fibers (I)

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Myoneural Junction

Function: Conduct signal, releases acetylcholine to nicotinic receptor (Motor end plate)

Note: Motor ed plate (MEP), nerve fibers, skeletal muscle fibers

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Neuromuscular Muscle spindle (S)

Function: Proprioception

Note: Intrafusal fibers (I), Extrafusal fibers (E), Artery (A)

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Electron micrograph of a muscle spindle

Note: Intrafusal muscle fibers (MF), Connective tissue capsule (C), Satellite cells of muscle fibers (SC), Myelinated axon (MA)

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Cardiac muscle

Note: Central nuclei, intercalated disc

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Intestinal smooth muscle (cross section)

Note: Inner circular layer (IC), outer longitudinal layer (OL), Connective tissue (C)