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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychological assessment
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The collection, organization and interpretation of information about a person and his / her situation
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What is the purpose of assessment?
Assessment has two goals: |
description- a portrait of personality, cognitive functioning, mood and behaviour
prediction - develop a system by which we may assess the development and progression of mental disorders in others |
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why do we have Assessment of mental disorders?
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To be able to understand the challenges that a person faces
Not everyone with a particular mental disorder reacts in the same way. EX. Would a child benefit from a special needs program |
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Diagnosis
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Classification of a persons problems within a set of recognized categories of abnormal behaviour
Classification criticisms categorization dimensional classification |
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classification
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identifying persons patterns of behaviour and then matching it against a classification system. includes labaling
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Criticisms
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implies that abnormal behaviour is qualitatively different from normal behaviour. It gives the appearance that some disorders are a “matter of degree” away from normal behaviour. Different disorders have overlapping symptoms. Diagnosis gives the illusion of explanation (ex she hallucinates because she has schitzo). Diagnostic labaling may be harmful to the people, they have a stigma attached to them, there is a self fulfilling prophecy of settling into their role of being sick.
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Categorization vs. - sorting patients into diagnostic categories.
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some people believe it would be better
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dimensional classification
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abnormal behaviour would not be defined but rather scored on different dimensions of pathology. It eliminates stigma and self fulfilling prophecy
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Why stick to categorization?
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it has consistency, people will receive better care, research needs diagnosis, and labels have meaning- dimensional categories create vagueness and fuzzy boundaries.
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DSM and why its good
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5 axes Describes specific standard of classification specific set of criteria for diagnosis
suggest a course of treatment strongly linked to research. |
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Axis I
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Clinical disorders. refers broadly to the principal disorder that needs immediate attention
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Axis 2
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personality development disorders, it could shape the first axis
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Axis 3
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relevant physical disorders.
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Axis 4
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odes the major psychosocial stressors the individual has faced recently; e.g., recent divorce, death of spouse, job loss, etc. Information regarding their life circumstances, realize that stressful social situations contribute to symptom onset and severity
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Axis 5
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codes the "level of function" the individual has attained at the time of assessment, and, in some cases, is used to indicate the highest level of function in the past year. This is coded on a 0-100 scale, with 100 being nearly "perfect" functioning (none of us would score that high!). Essentially questionnaire on how you are functioning on a
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Reliability and validity 5 criterion
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(how consistent the measurement is)
(does a test measure what it is supposed to measure) Internal consistency Test-retest inter-judge reliability Predictive validity descriptive validity comorbidity |
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Internal consistency
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different parts of the test yield same results
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Test-retest
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the test that yields the same results when administered to the same person at different times
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Inter-judge reliability
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The test yields the same results when scored interpreted by different judges. (MOST IMPORTANT criterion)
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Predictive validity
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does out test provide answers to questions about someones behaviour. Ex what type of treatment will a person respond to if they have schizophrenia
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Descriptive validity
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The degree to which the test provides significant information about the people being assessed. (problem: people with the same diagnosis often behave differently)
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comorbidity
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comorbidity - Someone might meet the diagnostic criteria for more than one disorder. Doesn't meet the criteria for descriptive validity
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Bias in assessment - 3 sources
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The clinician
The clinical setting itself Culture The clinician is a source of bias -a tendency to see “sickness” rather than health -focus on certain info and not others -limited previous experience with patient. The clinical setting itself -interpreting the artificial context of the clinic -limited time with patience leads to inaccurate --diagnoses -setting intimidating for patients insurance companies 3.Culture clinician attitudes and beliefs about a group of people patients cultural background |
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Methods of assessment and how they are used
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Interviews - face to face conversation with patient and examiner.
Structured - (usually only occurs after face to face, list of predetermined questions and probes. Very limited maybe not probing for the correct info. vs. unstructured- ( no determined set of questions, interview will go as the clinician sees fit. (time consuming) Mental status exam (MSE) common type of structured interview used to assess mental functioning generally . Interviewer rates participant on appearance, speech, mood, perception, thought content |
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Psychological tests
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Standardized procedure. Presented with a series of stimuli to which they are to respond. Very structured, ease of scoring. standardization increases the objectivity.
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types of psychological tests
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Intelligence tests - First psychological test to be widely used. It is very important in diagnosing mental retardation and brain damage. Important for establishing special education for children above and below average. high reliability and validity. culturally bound. raises question of “what is intelligence”
Stanford-Binet - Modern intelligence test is now called the Stanford Binet intelligence test. IQ. Intelligence quotient is measured by testing object recognition, memory ect. WAIS - Wechsler intelligent scales- developed this test because he thought IQ test was limited. Measures both verbal and performance components of the task. |
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Verbal IQ
Performance IQ |
Verbal IQ- measures verbal ability, knowledge and comprehension.
Performance IQ- measures problem solving and intelligence that does not depend on language |
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Projective personality tests
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Projective personality tests -Based on the psychodynamic function that a lot of our motives are unconscious. Ambiguous stimuli that you have to interpret. People impose meaning to things they don't understand (ambiguous)
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Rorschach test
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Participants are asked to respond to 10 cards each showing a symmetrical inkblot design.
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Free association phase
inquiry phase |
Free association phase - participants are asked to describe specifically as possible what each of the cards reminds them of.
inquiry phase - participants are asked what characteristics made them come to the conclusion |
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT test) - Interpreting ambiguous picture
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Participants asked what people in picture are feeling, doing, whats going on, what the outcome will be. includes both free association and inquiry phases.
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Critiquing projective tests
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Subjective interpretations, poor inter- judge reliability. poor predictive validity. time consuming to administer, score and interpret
Only psychological test that is flexible enough to revile your unconscious thoughts and desires |
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Theme analysis
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Theme analysis (don't make an interpretation based on one ink blot, look for reoccurring theme in the participants analysis)
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Self-report
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(being as honest as you possibly can when filling out a questionnaire. Asks participants direct questions about themselves, participants are assessing themselves)
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MMPI (Minnesota MultiphasePersonality Inventory- 2)
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MMPI (Minnesota MultiphasePersonality Inventory- 2)
Most widely used self-report personality inventory used. Purpose - to provide a different diagnosis by comparing self descriptive statements to responses from groups already diagnosed with a disorder. |
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Response sets
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test taking attitudes that lead people to shade their responses one way or another.
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Social desirability
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]response set where one tries to make oneself look better than they are to be accepted.
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Laboratory tests
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Looking for structure and function of the nervous system. Identifies biological causes for disorders
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EEG
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EEG - Measuring the electrical activity in the brain. Set in a chair and have electrodes to your scalp. Can detect tumors, sleep disorders
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CT
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CT - computerized tomography- imaging technique comprised of enhanced x rays of the brain. Can only provide pictures of structure
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MRI
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MRI - Magnetic resonance Imagine - imagining technique provides pictures of the brain
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Galvanic skin response
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Galvanic skin response- measures the electrical conductivity, can be a good indicator of anxiety Eg. GSR used to assess a case of synesthesia (blending of the senses)
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