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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define bioterrorism
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the use of biological agents to cause damage, death and/or fear
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Give two historical examples of bioterrorism
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Middle Ages: soldiers placed corpses into public wells
British gave smallpox-contaminated blankets to the Native Americans during early settlement |
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Give two modern examples of bioterrorism
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World War II: Japan 'flea bombs' (bubonic plague)
Iraq developed Scud missiles w/ Bacillus anthracis during Gulf war |
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What are the top four agents used for bioterrorism?
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Bacillus anthracis
smallpox Yersinia pestis Botulism toxin |
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Bacillus anthracis morphology
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Gram-positive spore-forming rod
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What are the three forms of disease caused by anthrax bacilli?
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cutaneous (least severe)
gastrointestinal (fairly severe) inhalation (most severe) |
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Which is the most lethal form of anthrax?
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inhalation anthrax
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At least how many spores must be inhaled of B. anthracis for it to cause disease?
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2000, in fine suspension to bypass upper airway
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What two toxins are produced during cutaneous anthrax infection?
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Edema toxin
Lethal toxin |
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What does B. anthracis 'lethal toxin' do in cutaneous infections?
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causes black necrotic area called eschar
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What is an eschar?
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black necrotic region do to action of 'lethal toxin' of B. anthracis
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What happens to B. anthracis spores after getting past upper airway?
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taken up by lung macrophages
transported to lymph nodes |
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Where do B. anthracis spores germinate after inhalation?
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lymph nodes
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Where do B. anthracis spores produce toxin after inhalation?
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lymph nodes
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What are the effects of the two toxins of B. anthracis during inhalation infection?
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Edema: prodocuces fluid in lungs
Lethal: in bloodstrea, causes shock and death |
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B. anthracis ingestion leads to germination of spores in __ or ___
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oropharynx or lower intestine
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Death rate of cutaneous anthrax in untreated cases is < ___%
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20
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Describe the two stages of inhalation anthrax
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one: influenza like symptoms (headaches, muscle aches, malaise)
two: difficulty breathing, neurological problems |
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Smallpox is a viral disease caused by ___
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the variola virus
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Morphology of Yersinia pestis
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Gram-negative bacterium
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What is the causative agent of bubonic plague?
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Yersinia pestis
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Where does Y. pestis multiply?
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lymph nodes
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Is Y. pestis capable of blocking phagocytosis?
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yes
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Morphology of Clostridium botulinum
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Gram-positive spore-forming rod
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T/F: Clostridium botulinum cannot survive in the environment
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F. It is a common soil bacterium
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What makes botulism toxin?
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Clostridium botulinum
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What is the most potent toxin known?
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botulism toxin
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What are botulism toxin's commercial applications?
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BoTox
medical uses as a neurotoxin to treat spastic muscles |
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Why is water-supply contamination with botulism toxin not a concern?
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would be highly diluted, likely sticking to particulates in the water
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Is botulism toxin easily detectable?
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yes
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