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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is hepatitis treated with?
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Nucleoside analogues, yay!
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What are HCV and HBV treated with?
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Interferon, yay!
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Describe generally what retroviruses are
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Eveloped, SS + RNA viruses, replicate by reverse transcription
Diploid genome |
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What are the medically important retroviruses
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HTLV-1, HIV
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Genome of retroviruses
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Diploid, SS + RNA (+ ssRNA)
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What does the retrovirus capsid contain
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Genome, viral reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease
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What are the three basic genes necessary for any retrovirus to work
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Gag, Pol, Env
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What is the Gag gene in retroviruses
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Group specific antigen
Capsid, nucleocapsid, matrix, sometimes protease |
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What is the Pol gene in retroviruses
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Polymerase
Reverse transcriptase, integrase, sometimes protease |
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What is the Env gene in retroviruses
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Envelope proteins
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Where does reverse transcription occur in the replication cycle of retroviruses
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Cytoplasm
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Do retroviruses integrate into host DNA
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Yes
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What does integrase do?
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Integrates viral DNA into host genome
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Compare/contrast HBV to retroviral reverse transcription
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Check the slide
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What are some medical implications of endogenous retroviruses
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Can cause cancer is rare cases
Chromosomal rearrangement between multiple copies Potential for pathogenic endogenous retroviruses in animal sources of xenoplantation |
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What is transduction as it relates to retroviruses
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transmission of a cellular gene between cells by a virus
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Describe the major characteristics of HTLV-1
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Human T-Lymphotrophic Virus 1
Complex retrovirus Major cause of adult T-cell leukemia Rare in USA |
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How is HTLV-1 transmitted
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Sexually, transfusion, vertically (infected T cells in breast milk)
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Describe the basic mechanism of oncogenesis for HTLV-1
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Integration of Tax gene, a viral regulatory factor
Can dysregulate cellular genes |
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What is(are) the diseases caused by HTLV-1
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Leukemia in ~2-5% of infected
Could alternatively cause HAM/TSP <2% risk Most infections subclinical |
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What are the two types of HIV
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HIV-1, world-wide, highly virulent
HIV-2, mostly western Africa, less virulent |
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What is an important consideration of HIV having low replication fidelity
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Indication against mono-therapy due to rapid mutation and development of resistance
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Acute HIV infection
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Initially replicates to high levels, replicates in CD4+ T cells
Symptomatic with generalized lymphadenopathy in >80% cases 2-4 wks post-infection Symptoms resolve ~2 weeks |
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Is the infectious dose of HIV low or high
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Relatively high (higher than HBV)
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What is required for HIV to enter into a cell
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CD4 is a receptor, necessary, but not sufficient for entry
Chemokine co-receptor |
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What is the immune response to HIV infection
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Neutralizing antibodies
Functional CD8+ cytotoxic T cells are produced, effective response inversely correlates with viral load |
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Describe the neuropathogenesis of HIV
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Infection of astrocytes and other glial cells
Causes loss of neurons and dementia Immune failure = opportunistic infection of CNS (ie JC virus) |
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What is a normal CD4+ count
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600-1600
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HIV viral load numbers
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High: >30,000 copies/mL
Low: <5,000 copies/mL |
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What does a CD4 count tell you about a person with HIV
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Where a person is chronologically relative to when they became infected and their progression towards/within AIDS
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What does the HIV viral load tell you about a person with HIV
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how fast an infected person is progressing from infection to AIDS/death
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A patient with HIV/AIDS and a CD4 < 200 witha cough may have what? (Among other possible infectious agents)
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PCP (pneumocystis jiroveci)
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Cryptococcal meningitis, describe it in an HIV/AIDS patient
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CD4<100
Sort of meningitis Headaches, fatigue fevers, Increased intracranial pressure |
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Mycobacterium avium, describe it in an HIV/AIDS patient
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CD4<75
High fevers, night sweats, weight loss, swollen glands, diarrhea Wasting |
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PML is caused by what
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JC virus in immunosuppressed (HIV/AIDS)
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What is HAART
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Highly active antiretroviral therapy
Could be combination of a protease inhibitor and reverse transcriptase inhibitor Could also have entry inhibitors or Integrase inhibitors |
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When does treatment for HIV start
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Opportunistic infection or CD4<500
When they are likely to actually continue with treatment properly |
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Can an HIV+ pregnant woman be treated to reduce her risk of transmitting HIV to infant
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Yes
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What is PEP
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Post exposure prophylaxis
Treat healthcare workers immediately after needlestick injury for 30 day of HAART Treat sexual assault victims for 30 days |
