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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Melody
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is the most prominent part of the song. (The part that typically gets stuck in the head).
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Harmony
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Typically made up of chords, which are combinations of notes. Tends to be more in the background of the song.
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Texture
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The different ways melody and harmony can interrelate.
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Pitch
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how high or how low a note is.
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Dynamics
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how loud or soft something is.
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Piano
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soft
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forte
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loud/ strength
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mezzo piano
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more soft / loud
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mezzo forte
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soft/ more loud
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crescendo
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start soft and grow loud
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diminuendo
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start loud and grows soft
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staff
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The five lines that make up the area where notes are written.
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Clef
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Located on the left-hand side of a staff. It indicates which notes you’re going to be playing.
Eg. G-clef, C clef, and F clef Three Types: Treble Clef, C-clef (the lines that intersect is middle C. It is mostly used for those who play viola), Base Cleft ( lower half of the piano) |
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Meter
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Rhythm is composed mainly of meter and tempo. Meter is a grouping of beats. It happens in almost in all western music. A waltz is always in a three meter.
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simple meter
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when the beat is subdivided into two.
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compound meter
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when the beat is subdivided into three
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syncopation
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emphasizing the off beats. Used a lot in jazz but sometimes in pop + classical.
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Tempo
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How fast or how slow a particular beat is. Rhythm is composed mainly of meter and tempo.
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Adagio
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slow tempo
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andante
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walking tempo
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allegro
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fast tempo
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vivace
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very fast tempo
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ritardando
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slow the tempo down
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accelerando
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speeds up the tempo
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rubato
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fluctuation tempo
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phrase
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part of a melody
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interval
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"distance" in pitch between any two tones
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whole step
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: interval twice as large as the half step; for example the interval between do and re.
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half step
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: smallest interval traditionally used in western music; for example, the interval between ti and do.
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Octave
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interval between two tones in which the higher tone has twice the frequency of the lower tone.
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major scale
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Start at Middle C Pattern goes like “Whole Whole Half Whole Whole Whole Half.” It has a brighter sound.
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minor scale
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Start at A note (the second key in between the three black keys). Pattern goes like: “Whole Half Whole Whole Half Whole Whole.” It had a darker sound.
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pentatonic scale
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a five note scale. There are no half steps. Everything is usually whole or whole.5 step. It’s popular in Asia, Africa…but not much in western music.
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Falsetto
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very high voice that men do that sounds “fake.”
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Countertenor
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can sing in an alto and soprano range.
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Woodwinds instruments
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Flute
Piccolo Recorder Double Reed English Horn Bassoon Oboe single reed: Clarinet Saxophone |
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chromatic scale
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all half steps
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monophony
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is the simplest of textures, consisting of one melody without accompanying harmony.
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polyphony
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is a texture consisting of two or more independent melodic voices, as opposed to music with just one voice (monophony) or music with one dominant melodic voice accompanied by chords (homophony).
Eg. Row Row Row your boat |
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homophony
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is a texture in which two or more parts move together in harmony, the relationship between them creating chords.
His definition → Voices singing different notes but same words and same basic rhythm at the same time. |
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triad
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three note chord
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tonality
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music that is in major or minor
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atonal
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music that does not base itself on major or minor
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consonance
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a note in the melody fits within the harmony played during that time.
considered stable. |
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dissonance
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a harmony, chord, or interval considered unstable
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verse
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Typically, the section of music that introduces a new set of lyrics with each statement of the verse melody. In popular music the verse is less dynamic than the refrain.
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refrain
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chorus; when both of the words and music come back the same.
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Timbre
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refers to different tone colors. Eg. You play the same note but with different instruments.
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Falsetto
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very high voice that men do that sounds “fake.”
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Countertenor
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can sing in an alto and soprano range.
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Women CHOIR
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Sopranos
Altos |
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Women OPERA
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Sopranos
Mezzo-soprano contraltos |
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Men Choirs
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Tenor
Basses |
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Men Opera
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Tenor
Baritones Basses |
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Gregorian chant
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is the central tradition of Western plainchant, a form of monophonic liturgical chant in Western Christianity that accompanied the celebration of Mass and other ritual services.
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neumes
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represent one note or 2-3 different notes.
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Organum--
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a type of early polyphony where the chant is mirrored exactly at a different pitch level (usually a perfect fifth below).
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Drone
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a single held note. Often played in Gregorian chant. Half singer chants going up and down. While the second half sings first note at once
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Machaut
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a medieval composer that composed the Notre Dame Mass.
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Notre Dame Mass
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a big landmark piece written by Machaut
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Sackbut
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precursor to the trombone. The “bell is smaller and almost looks like a trumpet.
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Palindrome
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word like radar/ racecar. If you spell them backwards, they spell the same thing.
1. ABCD…XYZ 2. ZYX…CBA 3. 1234….17 17 16 4321 |
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ostinato
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a short repeating figure or bass line
Example: Sing Cuckoo" in "Sumer is Incumen In" |
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call and response
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when you have a leader who sings out a line and everybody else sings something back.
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Percussion
Two types |
Membranophanes
Idiophones |
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Strings
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Violin
Viola—needed to fill the gaps of violin + cello. Cello Bass—octave lower than a cello Harp ***glissando |
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Membranophanes-
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any musical instrument which produces sound primarily by way of a vibrating stretched membrane
Brass Drum Timpani Snare drum Tom toms |
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Idiophones
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Claves
Brake drum Cymbols Triangle Temple blocks Xylophone Marimba Vibraphone |
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Brass
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all the same length
Trumpet—the first 2/3 is cylindrical and the last 1/3 starts to flare out (which is called conical). Cornet—is 1/3 cylindrical and 2/3 conical. Flugelhorn—heard sometimes in jazz but not much outside; creates a mellow sound Trumbone |
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glissando
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when you slide through a bunch of notes(on the harp)
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transcription:
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when the music is written for a specific instrument and played on another instrument
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lute
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popular instrument in the Renaissance/ it has more strings than a guitar
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harpsichord
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instrument that dominated the baroque period
smaller + less complex than piano colors of keys are reversed has a single strong for each note; plucking mechanism. |
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Mass
Ordinary of the Mass |
Mass: main service of the Catholic Church.
Ordinary of the Mass: sung portions of the mass that are performed everytime (5 parts) |
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Kyrie Eleison
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"Lord have merrcy)
-uusually the first of the Oridnary of the Mass not very maany words |
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Gloria
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song of praisse; more celebritiy; faster
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Credo
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chants are usually a mix of the different types of chants
instruments are not allowed during gregorian chant. |
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Hildegard von Bingen
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- "first" composer of chant in what is now Germany.
most recorded composer from the medieval period ~~ wrote gregorian chant ~~ violins are never found in gregorian chant ~~ her music has increased in popularity in the last 20 years. |
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drone
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a single held note; a simple technique that creates tension and release as the other notes go up and down. The note chnages throughout the performance and is very effective.
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Leonin + Perotin
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were two important composer of the notre dame Cathedral in Paris.
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sanctus
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solumn and short chaint
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agnus dei
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short and solumn chant
happens near the eucharist |
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eucharist
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eating and drinking of bread and wine
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advant
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4 sundays preceeding chrstmas
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easter
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march / april
- depends on full moon |
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sanctus
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solumn and short chaint
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agnus dei
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short and solumn chant
happens near the eucharist |
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eucharist
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eating and drinking of bread and wine
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trouveres
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secular singers from North. Practice call and response.
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Troubadours
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secular singers from the south. Practice call and response.
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call and response
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a leader sings a line and everyone sings it back.
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Machaut
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medieval composer that wrote the Notre Dame Mass
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Sackbut
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looks like a trombone but has a trumpet bell. IT sounds softer than a trombone + blends in wiht male voices.
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ostinato
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repeating figure that happpens over and over ; like a base. Eg. sumer is incumen in"
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lent
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40 days preceding easter
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liber usualis
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A THICK BOOK USED BY THE CATHOLIC CHURCH THAT CONTAINS ALL OF THE CHANTS FOR THE SERVICES FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR.
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Three complaints the catholic church had
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1) can't understnad the words
2) voices move in different speeds 3) there are many leaps in the voices |
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"ticket to heaven'
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cost money and family played a lot of money to ensure relatives could go to heaven. This was very corrupt and stole money from the peasants.
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Martin Luther
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stopped "ticket to heaven"
started lutheran church which was pretty much the ame as the catholic church but it didn't have a huge hiearch (pope, etc) to eliminate corruption) |
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Henry VIII
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wanted to marry Ann bolin and get an anullment with his current wife but the church wouldn't allow it. he made his own called the angelican church.
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council of trent
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met up t determine church policy called COUNTER REFORMATION. they did not want to go back to gregorian chant and they liked palestrina.
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imitation polypohny
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voices started out and voices that come after is repeating what the first one said. However the repeat is only in the beginning because the voices start singing different roles afterwards
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neumes
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oddly shapped figures that represented 1 - 3 sung notes.
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the notation of chant at the time it was composed used ____ oddly shapped figures that represented 1 - 3 sung notes.
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neumes
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Modes
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D-D scale ~ Dorian Mode
E-E scale ~ Phrygian mode F-F scale ~ Lydian Mode G~G scale ~ Mixolydian Mode |
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Mondrigal
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secular songs composed in teh Renaissance
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Harpsichord
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- used mainly in baroque period
- similar to piano but key colors are swapped. - plucking mechanism - "un jour l'amant" |
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viola de gamba
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like a cello that you hold with your legs. it has not peg and has 7 strings instead of 4.
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word painting
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when the composer takes a word wehre the meaning of ht eword is depicted
eg. sigh |
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John Dowland
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contemporary shaekspeare He wrote the LUTE SONG on the lute, which is similar to guitar.
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Carlo Gesualdo
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- italian prince
- renaissance style - found out his wife cheated on him and kiled all his children and wife. madricles |
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Gabrielli
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- wrote at st mark's cathedral
- famous for ANTIPHONAL music which had the surround sound effect - wrote "sonate piane forte" |
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Trio Sonatas
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MELODY 1 = iolin I
MELODY 2 = violin 2 HARMONY = harpsichord (imitating cello) + cello (bass line) |
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Flourentine Camarata
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a group who met up in Flurence who tried to write drama as music.
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Monody
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Mondrigal would not work well on stage because there was polyphony and repetition of words and phrases.
Monody: 1) music follows natural rhythm of language 2) Instruments are in the background; words and voices in the foreground 3) Music refelcts the general mood of the words |
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Monteverdi
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wrote Orfeo
- writes lots of madricles + operas |
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Recitative
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usually harpsichords playing chords with very rapid singing over it
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aria
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sung part of the opera. the drama stops (the plot stops) an emotional high point. music comes to the foreground. have full ensemble.
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Vivaldi
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emplyed by catholic church but did not write a lot of sacred music
known as RED PRIEST - many concerto gross for girls in the orphanage - program music |
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Program Music
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when a composer writes a pieces that is based on teh story where the music is intended to tell the story musically. Vivaldi did this a lot.
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Bach
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- wrote cantatas
- chorale melodies (weren't written by bach. most were written in renaissnace once the Lutheran Church was established. - sung by congregation - Passions --> st mathew passion, st john passion, and st mark passion - b mionr mass for kng of persia. - |
