Mgmt 202: Ethics Test 2

Front 1

Ethical Duties

Back 1

1. Philosophy- study of thought and conduct, very descriptive, describes thought and conduct
2. Normative philosophy- prescriptive, prescribes the proper thought and proper conduct
3. Morality- simple standards of behavior
4. Ethics- systems of belief (structure for what you think is okay)
5. Ethical relativism- systems of belief that are common to everyone (everyone can agree), family ties and outward

Front 2

Philosophy

Back 2

-study of thought and conduct
-very descriptive, describes thought and conduct

Front 3

Normative philosophy

Back 3

-prescriptive
-prescribes the proper thought and proper conduct

Front 4

Morality

Back 4

-Simple standards of behavior

Front 5

Ethics

Back 5

-systems of belief
-structure for what you think is okay

Front 6

Ethical Relativism

Back 6

-systems of belief that are common to everyone (everyone can agree)
-beyond just family ties

Front 7

Practical Guidelines

Back 7

-Golden Rule: do onto others as you wish they would do onto you
-Public Disclosure: Would you still make the decision if it were to be made public?
-Universal Test: If everyone did it would the world be a better place?

Front 8

Egoism

Back 8

-Ayn Rand (1905-1982)
-"For the New Intellectual" (1971)
-Selfishness is virtue, it is ethical to pursue your self interest, tend to yourself, libertarian thought
-Altruism (charity) is not in your best interest
-enlightened and prudent egoism

Front 9

Enlightened Egoism

Back 9

-be fair but you can still lie, cheat and steal in order to advance yourself or the corporation

Front 10

Prudent Egoism

Back 10

-self-interested but with limits, unlike enlightened egoism where anything goes to obtain success

Front 11

Limitations of Egoism

Back 11

1) Not everyone is self-interested
2) The pursuit of democratic consensus would not be able to occur

Front 12

Utilitarianism

Back 12

-Focused on the impact of the consequences
-"The ends justify the means"
-teleological: results based
-the greatest good should benefit the greatest number
-public policy is based off of this

Front 13

Benefit/Cost Analysis

Back 13

1) Look at the options
2) Benefit/cost each option
3) Choose the option that gives the greatest good to the greatest number of people, not all people but the most

Front 14

Jeremy Bentham
(1748-1832)

Back 14

-All about pleasure in the short term
-"Introduction to the Principle of Morals" (1789)
-Hedonistic Utilitarianism, sensual based, if it's fun lets do it

Front 15

The three roles of government according to Jeremy Bentham

Back 15

1) Don't let people suffer needlessly (give cash/stipend for food) and security (police)
2) Encourage abundance of wealth and population, in order to create an army
3) equality of means, government may intervene in order to make progress, wanted a progressive inheritance tax

Front 16

John Stuart Mill
(1806- 1873)

Back 16

-"Utilitarianism" (1863)
-Eudaemonistic Utilitarianism, happiness in the long term, cerebral based, opposite of market capitalists, if it is intellectual let's do it.

Front 17

Limits of Utilitarianism

Back 17

1) Actions are not judged, only consequences (the end is the only thing that matters, who cares how and what you did to get there?)
2) aggregate over the individual (individuals are hurt but for the good of the whole)

Front 18

Universalism

Back 18

-Focused on the motivations, "the means justify the ends"
-deontological: duty based
-ethical behavior simply results from doing one's duty
-duty as a person, examines the actions that lead up to the consequences

Front 19

Immanuel Kant
(1724-1804)

Back 19

-"Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals" (1785)
-The Categorical Imperative (CI)

Front 20

The 3 Principles of Moral Action that make the Categorical Imperative (CI) work according to Immanuel Kant

Back 20

1) Principle of Universality (our society is predicated on trust, only do something if everyone can do it)
2) Principle of Ends (humans should never be used as an end to someone's selfish needs, ie. racism/exploitation is unacceptable)
3) Principle of Autonomy vs. Heteronomy (Free will vs. No self-control, succumb to desires and passions)
-Things in the market that hurt and attack free will (booze, cigarettes)

Front 21

Limitations of Universalism

Back 21

1) Duties can conflict (ex. Nazi's at door and hiding children, doesn't address these situations)
2) People can not want to be autonomous (ex. they want to have no control, get drunk)

Front 22

Virtue Ethics & Aristotle

Back 22

"Nicomachean Ethics" (350 BCE)
-The middle ground

1) If you have virtues, you need to perform them as if they are habit, even when no one is watching
2) Lead to successful human living (ex. honesty)
-Courage: you want to be in the middle ground (cowardly-courageous-boastful)

Front 23

Limitations of Virtue Ethics

Back 23

1) implementing within and between cultures, what is a virtue in the US (courage) may not be a virtue elsewhere
2) Is virtue an attainable goal? It is difficult to obtain, either you are honest or your are not.

Front 24

Feminist Ethics & Carol Gilligan (1932 to Present)

Back 24

"In a Different Voice" (1982)
-Ethics of Care Analysis

-Equality and equal opportunity are very important concepts
-10 sick days per year doesn't promote equality because women have the responsibility of children
-women having babies lose promotions

-Feminists argue that the depiction of human behavior as objective and rational is wrong, created by males.

Front 25

Ethics of Care Analysis

Back 25

-Men are all about competition, individualism, and ethics is about the rules of the game.
-Women are all about relationships, cooperation, and ethics is about enhancing relationships.
-People should be viewed as people, not profits
- "employees should be treated like guests in a home"

Front 26

Limitations of Feminist Ethics

Back 26

1) Confusion with Social issues
2) Hypocrisy of human nature

Front 27

John Locke
(1632-1704)

Back 27

"Two Treaties of Government" (1690)
-Government through cooperation

-law evolved through cooperation among people
-natural cooperation gave way to community building and democratic theory

Front 28

Thomas Hobbes
(1588-1679)

Back 28

"Leviathan" (1651)
-Government through conflict

-Humans are fearful, predatory and greedy
-quick to lie, cheat and steal
-law is required to avoid chaos
-law came about because of conflict in society
-sole moral obligation : to obey the law
-rights must be given up in order to have stability and law

Front 29

Social Contract Theory: A Veil of Ignorance

Back 29

-Trade self interest for communal interest
- Communal Interest outweighs the self interest because it is a safe bet

Front 30

Laws

Back 30

-What "they" should be
-"Who" should support them
-Negative commandments, what not to do

Front 31

Laws should be:

Back 31

1) Consistent- no two laws conflict with each other
2) Universal- the same for everyone
3) Published
4) Accepted- obeyed and followed
5) Enforced- consequences for those who do not follow

Front 32

Laws should be supported by:

Back 32

1) legislatures and councils
2) courts and agencies
3) sheriffs and police

Front 33

Civil Law

Back 33

Defines the rights and duties of individuals and organizations.
-Individuals bring the case

Front 34

Criminal Law

Back 34

Prohibits specific actions and imposes fines and imprisonment
-fraud, theft, security violations: lead to fines and imprisonment
-Government brings the case

Front 35

Civil and Criminal Law derives from four sources:

Back 35

1) Constitutional Law
2) Common law- precedents established by judges
3) Statutory Law- Federal and state
statutes
4) Administrative Law- federal and state administration

Front 36

Regulations of Competition

Back 36

Prevent Monopolies and administered pricing.

Sherman Anti-trust Act 1890
-attempted to break up monopolies (ex. coal)

Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998
- limited ability to bootleg material

Front 37

Protection of Consumers

Back 37

Prevent goods that harm the public

Food and Drug Act 1906
-must disclose ingredients on product

Children's On-line Privacy Protection Act 1998
-Parental consent to talk to children on-line

Front 38

Promotion of Equity and Safety

Back 38

Equal Pay Act 1960
-Men and women are to be paid equally for equal work
-Still occurs: Female dominated work is paid less than male dominated work when demand is the same (ex. nursing and vocational teaching)

Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970
-3 Mile island and nuclear power leak

Front 39

Protection of the Natural Enviornment

Back 39

Benefit/Cost analysis to assess damage

1) Clean Air Act 1970
2) Federal Water Pollution Act 1972
3) Endangered Species Act 1973
-Before these laws it was upon the individual to come forth and sue
-Animals had no rights before this time
-shift from those who got harmed to the harmers

Front 40

Laws that Encourage Ethical Conduct

Back 40

Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations 1991

Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002

Front 41

Limitations of Legal Requirements

Back 41

1) Minimum Standards of behavior
-that which is legal is a moral minimum, people expect more

2) Negative Commandments
-laws tell what we shouldn't do, not what we should

3) Lag behind moral standards of society
-laws aren't created until bad things happen, then we make laws, reactionary

4) Exclusive and yields unequal participation
- not everyone can participate, only the privileged and educated can make change

5) Discriminatory outcomes
-Blue collar and white collar crimes are put through the legal system in different ways

Front 42

Libertarianism

Back 42

Individual is supposed to pursue liberty.

Front 43

1. Identify two ethical limitations with egoism, utilitarianism, universalism, virtue ethics, and feminist ethics.

Back 43

Egoism
1) Not Everyone is Self-Interested
2) Unable to pursue democratic consensus

Utilitarianism
1) Actions aren't judged, outcomes are.
2) Aggregate is over the individual, individuals are hurt for the good of the whole.

Universalism
1)Conflicting duties
2) Not everyone wants to be autonomous

Virtue Ethics
1) Virtues may not implement within or between cultures
2) Virtue may not be an attainable goal

Feminist Ethics
1) Confusion with social Issues
2) Hypocrisy of human nature

Front 44

Explain John Stuart Mill’s strand of utilitarian thought and describe the three responsibilities that Jeremy Bentham laid in the hands of the State.

Back 44

Mill argued:
1) Higher pleasures are superior to lower pleasures, higher pleasures are cerebral based where lower pleasures are sensual based.
2) Mill's pleasures are long term, Bentham's are short term
3) Responsibilities of the state are:
-no needless suffering & security
-promote abundance of wealth and population in order to raise an army
-equality of means

Front 45

Describe the three principles that embody the categorical imperative according to Immanuel Kant and two ethical limitations with universalism.

Back 45

1) Principle of Universality (trust, only do something if everyone can do it)
2) Principle of End (humans should never be used as an end to someone's selfish needs)
3)Principle of Autonomy vs Heteronomy (Free will vs no self control, turn away from things in the market that try to attack our sensual based pleasures ex. alcohol)

Limitations with Universalism
1) Conflicting Duties
2) What if people don't want to be autonomous?

Front 46

How does the school of feminist ethics criticize the traditional schools of philosophical thought? Explain Carol Gilligan’s theory on how men and women think of ethics differently.

Back 46

-Traditional schools were brought about by men.
-Men see human behavior as objective, rational and individualistic.

Men= competition, individuals; ethics is about the rules of the game.

Women= relationships, cooperation; ethics is about enhancing relationships.

Front 47

In the case of “Susan Shapiro and Workplace Dangers” explain the ethical dilemma and describe what you would do if you were Susan.

Back 47

ANSWER TBD.

Front 48

Explain how John Locke and Thomas Hobbes explained the formation of government and describe the concept of the “social contract.”

Back 48

Locke:
-formation of government was result of cooperation
-law evolved through cooperation among people
-natural cooperation gave way to community building and democratic theory

Hobbes:
-government was the result of conflict
-humans are fearful, predatory and greedy who are quick to lie, cheat and steal
-law is required to avoid chaos

Social Contract Theory
1) communal interest take precedent over any one individual
2) Veil of ignorance- "A child woudl cut equal slices of a pie because he knows that his friends get to take their choice of piece before he does"(communal over individual)

Front 49

Three part question: (1) state what the Equal Pay Act attempted to prohibit, (2) describe the issue of comparable worth, and (3) explain the ethical implications of comparable worth for government.

Back 49

1) Attempted to prohibit discrimination in regards to terms and conditions of employment between men and women. (pay rate)

2) describes an effort to pay different job titles the same based on their value to the employer regardless of the predominant gender (ex. vocational teachers, nurses)

3)The government must follow the idea of comparable worth, review the pay system within government agencies and make sure that men and women receive equal pay for comparable work.

Front 50

Major legislation was passed in the 1970s to protect the natural environment (e.g., air, water, and endangered species). Describe the legal environment for business before and after such legislation.

Back 50

Before Legislation...
-It was up to the individual to come forth and sue if something harmful were to occur
-animals had no legal rights

After...
-shift from "the hunters to the hunted"
-business had to be mindful of their impact on the environment
-If violated, major fines and punishments brought forth upon perpetrator

Front 51

List and explain the five limitations with using the legal requirement.

Back 51

1) Minimum standards of behavior, society expects more
2) Negative commandments, what you shouldn't do instead of what you should.
3) Lag behind moral standards, laws are reactionary and put in place after something bad
4) Exclusive and Unequal, only privileged can participate in making change
5) Discriminatory outcomes, white collar and blue collar crimes are treated differently

Front 52

In the case of “Sarah Goodwin and Impure Products” explain the ethical dilemma and describe how a universalist would react.

Back 52

ANSWER TBD