Mgmat 08 Sc (Main Rules)

Front 1

Aggravate vs. aggravating

Back 1

Aggravate (worsen) vs. aggravating (irritating)

Front 2

Known as vs. known to be

Back 2

Known as (named) vs. known to be (acknowledged as)

Front 3

Loss of vs. loss in

Back 3

Loss of (no longer in possession of) vs. loss in (decline in value)

Front 4

Mandate vs. have a mandate

Back 4

Mandate (command) vs. have a mandate (have authority from voters)

Front 5

Native of vs. native to

Back 5

Native of (person from) vs. native to (species that originated in)

Front 6

Range of vs. ranging

Back 6

Range of (variety of) vs. ranging (varying)

Front 7

Rate of vs. rates for

Back 7

Rate of (speed or frequency of) vs. rates for (prices for)

Front 8

Rise vs. raise

Back 8

Rise (general increase) vs. raise (a bet or a salary increase in American English)

Front 9

Try to do vs. try doing

Back 9

Try to do (seek to accomplish) vs. try doing (experiment with)

Front 10

Reckless abandon

Back 10

Опрометчивой

Front 11

linking verbs

Back 11

Связывающие глаголы

Front 12

The indicative is ...

Back 12

what you probably think of as ordinary English: simple statements of fact. Examples:

The quality of mercy is not strained. (indicative present)
This was the most unkindest cut of all. (indicative past)
Birnam wood shall come to Dunsinane. (indicative future)

Front 13

The subjunctive is for...

Back 13

Everything that’s not so certain

Front 14

We use the subjunctive to talk about:

Back 14

1) Counterfactual possibilities — that is, hypothetical possibilities that, at the moment, simply are not true
2) Doubtful possibilities
3) Possibilities in the constructions such as “wish that”, “desire that”, or “lest that”

Front 15

The past subjunctive uses the ... past tense form of the verb

Back 15

Plural. For example,

If I were you, I would explain the situation to her immediately

Front 16

We use ... to express any wish/desire/etc. that is stated in a clause beginning with “that.”

Back 16

The present subjunctive. We also use the present subjunctive in clauses that follow the word “lest.”

Front 17

I study assiduously, lest I ... poorly on the GMAT.

Back 17

Do

Front 18

She hopes that she not ... chosen for the committee. -

Back 18

Be

Front 19

The verb “request” always takes ...

Back 19

“that” + [a clause in the subjunctive]. For example,

I request that you do my homework

Front 20

The verb “want” is never followed by a ... clause, and always followed by

Back 20

“that”, an infinitive phrase

I want you to sweep the floor

Front 21

Subjunctive

Back 21

Сослагательное (истак, майл феъли)

Front 22

What the Future Perfect describes?

Back 22

What would it mean to be “thoroughly done” and also “future”? That would something that, from the vantage of a future event, has already happened or been done: in other words, it’s the past of the future!

By the time of the Pyeongchang Summer Olympics in 2018, the United States will have gone through two more Presidential Elections.

At the time of the 2013 All-Star Game at Citi Field, the host New York Mets will not yet have won 4000 games as a franchise.

Front 23

The Modifier Touch Rule

Back 23

A noun modifier should be adjacent to (i.e. “touch”) the noun it modifiers

Front 24

A ... modifier is essential to establish the identity of the noun in question, and omitting it leaves a huge question unanswered.

Back 24

Vital. A vital noun modifier can come between a noun and another non-vital modifier.

The workers at the envelope factory, having been on strike for seven weeks, were finally close to a settlement with management

Front 25

A ... modifier may add interesting information, but it is not necessarily to establish the identity of the noun.

Back 25

Non-vital, ordinary

Front 26

A restrictive clause is always a ... modifier. A non-restrictive clause is always a ... modifier.

Back 26

Vital, non-vital

Front 27

preposition

Back 27

Предлог (олд кумакчи)

Front 28

POTENTIALLY

Which is right?

A tornado IS POTENTIALLY overwhelming.

or

A tornado CAN POTENTIALLY BE overwhelming,

Back 28

A tornado IS POTENTIALLY overwhelming.

Front 29

A Past Participle by itself is not a ...

Back 29

Working verb

Front 30

Because and which are ... words

Back 30

Connecting . These are also known as Subordinators, because they turn the clauses they are attached to into Subordinate Clauses, which cannot stand by themselves.

Front 31

A Prepositional Phrase is a group of words headed by a ...

Back 31

Preposition

Front 32

Prepositions are followed by ..., which complete the phrase. Prepositional phrases modify or describe other parts of the sentence.

Back 32

Nouns or pronouns.

Front 33

A noun in a prepo­sitional phrase cannot be the ... of the sentence

Back 33

Subject

Front 34

Additive Phrases. Examples?

Back 34

And, or, along with, accompanied by, in addition to, as well as, together with

Front 35

Only the word ... can change a singular subject into a plural one. Singular subjects followed by addi­tive phrases remain singular subjects.

Back 35

And

Front 36

Occasionally, a subject may include a phrase such as or, either... or, or neither... nor. Such phrases link
two nouns. If one of the nouns is singular and the other noun is plural, what verb form should be used?

Back 36

The answer is simple: find the noun nearest to the verb, and make sure that the verb agrees in number
with this noun.

Front 37

A Collective Noun is ...

Back 37

A noun that looks singular (it usually does not end with an -s) but can refer to a group of people or objects.

People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, team
Items: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture

Front 38

On the GMAT, collective nouns are almost always consid­ered ...

Back 38

Singular and therefore require singular verb forms

Front 39

There are 5 indefinite pronouns that can be either singular or plural depending on the con­text of the sentence.

Back 39

THE SANAM PRONOUNS: Some, Any, None, All, More/Most

Front 40

Half of the pie ... blueberry, and half of the slices ... already gone.

Back 40

Is, Are

Front 41

On GMAT, verb-ed modifier is a ... that can only refer to a entity. It does not refer to a ...

Back 41

Noun modifier, noun, clause

If the verb-ed appears in the middle of the sentence then it modifies the preceding noun. If it appears in the beginning of the sentence, then it modifies the subject of the following clause.

Front 42

Sometimes the “-ing” form of a verb will modify a noun: in this case, it is a ...

Back 42

Participle

Front 43

Participle

Back 43

Причастие

Front 44

Sometimes, though, the “-ing” form of a verb will act as a noun itself in a sentence. In this case, it is a ...

Back 44

Gerund. A gerund can be the subject, the direct object, or the object of a prepositional phrase.

Front 45

How do we know that parts of a sentence need to be parallel to each other?

Back 45

Often, we know by spotting Parallel Markers—words that link or contrast items and that force those items to be parallel

Front 46

The most important parallel markers are the three common conjunctions:

Back 46

And, but, and or.

Front 47

Wrong: She argues that the agency acts with disregard for human life AND property AND reckless abandon AND it should therefore be shut down.

Back 47

Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property, AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.

Front 48

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

X Acts ... Y

Back 48

As

Front 49

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

Distinguish X ... Y

Back 49

From

Front 50

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

X is the Same ... Y

Back 50

As

Front 51

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

As X, ... Y

Back 51

So

Front 52

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

Estimate X ... Y

Back 52

To Be

Front 53

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

X is good, and ... is Y

Back 53

So Too

Front 54

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

Between X ... Y

Back 54

And

Front 55

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

X Instead ... Y

Back 55

Of

Front 56

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

X, Such ... Y (example)

Back 56

As

Front 57

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

Compared To X, ... Y

Back 57

Blank

Front 58

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

X is Known ... Y

Back 58

To Be

Front 59

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

Think of X ... Y

Back 59

As

Front 60

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

Consider X ... Y

Back 60

Blank

Front 61

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

X is Less ... Y

Back 61

Than

Front 62

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

X is Thought ... Y

Back 62

To Be

Front 63

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

In Contrast To X, ... Y

Back 63

Blank

Front 64

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

Make X ... Y

Back 64

Blank

Front 65

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

View X ... Y

Back 65

As

Front 66

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

Declare X ... Y

Back 66

Blank

Front 67

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

Mistake X ... Y

Back 67

For

Front 68

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

Whether X ... Y

Back 68

Or

Front 69

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

X Develops ... Y

Back 69

Into

Front 70

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

Not Only X(,) ... Y

Back 70

But Also (the comma is optional)

Front 71

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

X Differs ... Y

Back 71

From

Front 72

Idioms with Built-In Parallel Structure

Regard X ... Y

Back 72

As

Front 73

A more subtle form of parallelism involves Linking Verbs. What are they?

Back 73

Usually, we think of verbs as action words (walk, dance, and jump), but another class of verbs is called linking verbs. Instead of expressing what a subject does, these verbs express what the subject is, or what condition the subject is in. The most common linking verb is naturally the verb to be, but there are other linking verbs as well.

Front 74

Examples of Linking Verbs (14)

Back 74

Appear, seem
become, smell
feel, sound
grow, stay
look, taste
remain, turn
represent
resemble

Front 75

Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.

Back 75

Right: The nomination of this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban- rural relations in this country.

Front 76

Transitive verbs

Back 76

Transitive - do some action to something.

Front 77

Untransitive verbs

Back 77

Intransitive - do some action without an object

Front 78

Adjective

Back 78

прилагательное. They describe nouns.

Front 79

Predicate adjective

Back 79

Adjectives that follow forms of the verb "to be"

The sky is blue.

Front 80

Adjectival phrase / clause

Back 80

A group of nouns modifying a noun, as an adjective would

Front 81

Clause

Back 81

Every clause must have a subject and a full verb. Every sentence must have at least one independant clause

Front 82

How many types of clauses?

Back 82

Two types: (1) independant and (2) dependant (or subordinate) clauses

Front 83

Phrase

Back 83

Any important group of words that is not a clause

Front 84

List 6 main types of phrases

Back 84

1) Prepositional phrases
2) Appositive phrases
3) Absolute phrases
4) Gerund phrases
5) Infininitve phrases
6) Participle phrases

Front 85

Adverb

Back 85

A word that can modify
1) a verb
2) an adjevtive
3) another adverb

Front 86

Coordinating conjuctions (FANBOYS)

Back 86

FANBOYS

For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

Front 87

Three types of conjunctions

Back 87

1) Coorelative
2) Coordinating
3) Subjunctive

Front 88

Coordinating conjunctions

Back 88

Words that link things of equal rank

Front 89

Special coordinating conjunctions

Back 89

1) And
2) or
3) but

Front 90

Correlative conjunctions

Back 90

Pairs of words or phrases that put items in parallel

Front 91

Conjunction

Back 91

Соединение

Front 92

Subordinating conjunctions

Back 92

Words that introduce a dependant (i.e. subordinate) clause. Dependant clauses can be introduces by words other than subordinate conjunctions.

Front 93

ON A WHITE BUS (Subordinate conjunctions)

Back 93

Only if
now that

although, after, as

whearas, when, while, whenever, wherever, whether,
In case, if
that, though
Even if, even though

because, before
untill, unless
since, so , so that

Front 94

Correlative conjunctions

whether A or B
just as A so B

Back 94

Always used only for clauses

Front 95

Structute of subordinate conjunctions (other than "that")

Back 95

[noun] [verb] [SC] [noun] [verb]

Front 96

Relative pronouns and interrogative words

Back 96

Who, whom, whose, that, which, whoever, whatever, whichever. They can play a role of noun or object

Front 97

Relative advers and interrogative words

Back 97

Where, when, why, wherever, whenever

Front 98

subordinate

Back 98

Подчиненный

Front 99

Substantive clause

Back 99

No subordinate clause ever plays the role of the verb in the main sentence. But certain subordinate clauses can play the role of a noun. They are substantive clauses, and always begin with relative adverbs or relative pronouns or interrogative words. Substantive clauses can be as a direct object of verb and preposition too.

Front 100

Appositive phrase

Back 100

A special kind of noun modifier. Noun modifying a main noun.

George Washington, the Father of our country

Front 101

Absolute phrase

Back 101

A sofisticated grammatical structure

[noun] [participal phrase] [main clause]

An absolute phrase stands outside the main clause and modifies the main clause as a whole.

Front 102

Relative clauses

Back 102

Relative clauses begin with relative pronouns.

They should begin with the same word

Front 103

GMAT is reluctant ... infinitives

Back 103

To split.

Wrong: Helen want to boldy go where no woman has gone before.

Right: Helen want to boldy go where no woman has gone before.

Front 104

Exceptions to parallelism rules

Back 104

* Infinitives (to run, to think, to fly,...)
- use to throughout , or before the first verb only;
- doesn't apply to correlative conjunctions.

* Ending is fully understood

Front 105

[Adjective + Adjective + Noun], in which the two adjectives both modify the noun. The other phras­ing would be [Adverb + Adjective + Noun], in which the ... modifies the ..., which in turn modifies the noun.

Back 105

Adverb, adjective

James Joyce is Max's SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.

James Joyce may or may not be Max’s ancestor, but James Joyce was certainly Irish. Thus, we want the adjective supposed, so that we can modify the noun ancestor.

Max's grandmother is his SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.

What is in question here is whether Max’s grandmother was Irish, not whether she is Maxs ancestor.
Thus, we want the adverb supposedly, so that we can modify the adjective Irish.

Front 106

Phrases or clauses that modify nouns or pronouns are called ...

Back 106

Noun Modifiers. Noun modifiers act like long adjectives

Front 107

A noun used to modify another noun is called ...

Back 107

An Appositive

Front 108

If the noun we want to modify is not even in the sentence, we have a ...

Back 108

Dangling Modifier

Front 109

A present participle (ring form) at the beginning of a sentence is often made to be dangling. Although
these forms are technically Verb Modifiers (more on these shortly), they still need a noun subject that
makes sense.

Wrong: Using the latest technology, the problem was identified.
Wrong: The problem was identified, using the latest technology.

Back 109

Right: Using the latest technology, the engineer identified the problem

Front 110

Unlike a noun modifier, a verb modifier does not have ...

Back 110

To touch the subject

Front 111

According to the GMAT, clauses led by the pronoun that cannot modify ...

Back 111

People

Front 112

That or whom can be dropped when the modified noun is ...

Back 112

The object of the modifying clause.
Right: The movie THAT we watched last Friday was scary.
Right: The movie we watched last Friday was scary.

Front 113

The pronoun where can be used to modify a noun place, such as area, site, country or Nevada. Where cannot modify a “metaphorical” place, such as condition, situation, case, circumstances, or arrangement.
In these cases, use ... rather than where.

Back 113

In which

Front 114

Other relative pronouns (except that and which), such as who, can be used in essential or in non-essential modifiers. With these
other pronouns, continue to observe the comma rule:

Back 114

Use commas only with non-essential modifiers

Front 115

As their name indicates. Verb Modifiers modify verbs. These modifiers answer questions about the verb, such as ...

Back 115

“how,” “when,” “where,” “why,” etc

Front 116

Use WHICH only to refer to the ...

Back 116

Noun immediately preceding it—never to refer to an entire clause.

Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood. WHICH has led to a
rise in property values.

One way to correct the sentence is to turn the first thought into a noun phrase and make this phrase the subject of the verb in the which clause, eliminating which altogether:

Right: The recent decrease in crime in our neighborhood has led to a rise in property values.

Another way to correct the sentence is to use a present participle, the -ingverb form:

Right: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.

Front 117

This use of the -ing form works best when you want to express ...

Back 117

The result of the main clause

Front 118

Verb Tense indicates ...

Back 118

When the action of the verb takes place

Front 119

Verb Mood indicates ...

Back 119

What the writer believes about, or wants to do with, the action. Two verb moods are tested on the GMAT: indicative and subjunctive.

Front 120

Finally, Verb Voice indicates ...

Back 120

Who or what is doing the action

Front 121

The Present Progressive indicates ...

Back 121

Action happening right now, whether the sentence contains words such as right now or not

Front 122

Verbs that express general states do not normally take ...

Back 122

Progressive forms. Such State Verbs include know
or signify

Front 123

In a more subtle example, you can use the Past Progressive to describe ...

Back 123

A background event, while you use Simple Past to describe a more important event in the foreground.

Right: She WAS PLAYING with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.

In the previous example, the action was playing (in the Past Progressive) takes place in the background.
Arrived (in the Simple Past) is the interrupting foreground event. Note that the following sentence is also correct, but it has a different meaning.

Right: She PLAYED with her friends when the babysitter ARRIVED.

In this case, the action played took place after the babysitter arrived. Both actions are in the Simple Past and express equal levels of importance.

Front 124

We use ... tense for actions that started in the past but continue into the present, or re­main true in the present. ... tense has one foot in the past and one foot in the present.

Back 124

The Present Perfect

Front 125

Sometimes, the Present Perfect tense means that the action is definitely over, but its effect is still rel­evant to ...

Back 125

The present moment.

Right: The child HAS DRAWN a square in the sand.

In this example, the child is no longer drawing a square. The act of drawing is finished. However, the square must still be here somehow. If the square has disappeared, use Simple Past.

Front 126

The Present Perfect indicates either ... or of a completed action up to the present.

Back 126

Continued action, continued effect

Front 127

Finally, the Present Perfect can be used in -ing forms, infinitives or subordinate clauses to clarify an
ambiguous sequence in time. For instance, the word when can mean either ... or ...
The use of Present Perfect resolves the meaning.

Back 127

“at the same time”, “after”.

Right: She WILL PAY you when you ASK her. (No Present Perfect)
= She will pay you at the same time as you ask her, or maybe just after.
Right: She WILL PAY you when you HAVE TAKEN out the garbage. (Present Perfect)
= She will pay you clearly after you take out the garbage and have proven it!

Front 128

Note that we do not always use the Past Perfect for earlier actions. In general, you should use Past
Perfect only to clarify or emphasize ...

Back 128

A sequence of past events. The earlier event should somehow have a bearing on the context of the later event. Moreover, if the sequence is already obvious, we often do not need Past Perfect.

Front 129

Clauses linked by ... or ... do not require
the Past Perfect as a general rule

Back 129

And, but

Front 130

If an action began in the past and continues into the present (or its effect does), use the ... tense. If one action in the past precedes another, and you need to clarify or emphasize the time sequence, then use the ... tense. Otherwise, stick to the simpler tenses.

Back 130

Present Perfect, Past Perfect

Front 131

The helping verbs would and should NEVER go in the ... part of the sentence, according to the GMAT!

Back 131

If

Front 132

Here are the five common patterns of if . . then sentences.

Back 132

(1) General Rule with no uncertainty

IF Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she BECOMES ill.
IF Present, THEN Present.

This pattern is equivalent to whenever: WHENEVER Sophie EATS pizza, she BECOMES ill,

(2) General Rule with some uncertainty

IF Sophie EATS pizza, THEN she MAY BECOME ill.
IF Present, THEN Can or May.

Here, the helping verbs can or may can be used to allow for a somewhat uncertain outcome.

(3) Particular Case (in the future) with no uncertainty

IF Sophie EATS pizza tomorrow, THEN she WILL BECOME ill.
IF Present, THEN Future.

Another possibility for the Particular Case (in the present) is Present Perfect: I f Sophie HAS EATEN
pizza, then she WILL BECOME ill.

(4) Unlikely Case (in the future)

IF Sophie ATE pizza tomorrow, THEN she WOULD BECOME ill.
IF Hypothetical Subjunctive, THEN Conditional.
Here, the writer thinks that Sophie is unlikely to eat pizza tomorrow. The Conditional Tense (would)
shows the hypothetical result of an unlikely or untrue condition. In place of would, the form could can be used to indicate improbability as well.

(5) Case That Never Happened (in the past)

IF Sophie HAD EATEN pizza yesterday, THEN she WOULD HAVE BECOME ill.
IF Past Perfect, THEN Conditional Perfect.
Other patterns are possible, but if... then sentences that you encounter on the GMAT should conform
to one of these five patterns.

Front 133

Two forms of the subjunctive mood:

Back 133

The Hypothetical Subjunctive and the Command Subjunctive.

Front 134

The Command Subjunctive is used with certain ...

Back 134

Bossy Verbs, such as require or propose. Bossy Verbs tell people to do things.

Front 135

The subjunctive construction with a Bossy Verb is always as follows:

Back 135

Bossy Verb + THAT + subject + Command Subjunctive

We PROPOSE THAT the school board DISBAND.

Front 136

Common Verbs that take ONLY the Command Subjunctive when indicating desire:

Back 136

Demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest

Note: Propose can take an infinitive when theres no second subject: The attorneys proposed to meet the following day.

Front 137

Verbs that take ONLY the Infinitive:

Back 137

Advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want

Front 138

Verbs that take EITHER the Command Subjunctive OR the Infinitive

Back 138

Ask, beg, intend, order, prefer, urge, require (pay particular attention to require).

We require THAT HE BE here. OR We require HIM TO BE here.

Front 139

Avoid the use of the Command Subjunctive after ... This usage is old-fashioned.

Back 139

Whether

Wrong: I like ice cream, WHETHER it BE chocolate, vanilla, or any other flavor.
Right: I like ice cream, WHETHER it is chocolate, vanilla, or any other flavor.

Front 140

By the way, a few Bossy Verbs can be used in non-Bossy ways: Her presence suggests that she is happy. In this context, suggests means “probably means” it is not acting Bossy. As always, pay close attention to the ...!

Back 140

Meaning

Front 141

Use ... or ... when you want to describe any instrument or means, which might be an awkward or nonsen­sical subject in active voice

Back 141

Through, because of

Wrong: The pizza WAS accidentally EATEN BY a quirk of fate.
Wrong: A quirk of fate accidentally ate the pizza.
Right: THROUGH a quirk of fate, the pizza WAS accidentally EATEN.

Front 142

In fact, if you must resort to guessing between an active and a passive choice, with absolutely nothing else to go on, pick ...

Back 142

Passive

Front 143

As a final note, you do not have to make active or passive voice ... throughout a sentence.

Back 143

Parallel.

Right: The shuttle launch TOOK place flawlessly and WAS SEEN on television.

Front 144

Like is a preposition. This means that LIKE must be followed by ...

Back 144

Nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases. Never put a clause or a prepositional phrase after like! (Remember, a clause contains a working verb, one that can be the main verb in a sentence.)

Front 145

As can be either a ... or a ... You can correctly use as to compare two clauses.

Back 145

Preposition (appearing with a noun), conjunction (appearing with a clause)

Front 146

You must be care­ful, however, to use the right punctuation and/or connecting words to join two clauses. A comma is not enough to join two main clauses. A sentence that violates this rule is called a ...

Back 146

Run-on Sentence

Front 147

Remember that a correct sentence always contains at least one ...

Back 147

Main clause. (A main clause is group of words that can stand on its own as a complete sentence. It contains both a subject and a verb, and it does not begin with a subordinating conjunction such as because or if)

Front 148

And is the most important coordinating conjunction. Whenever you see an and after a comma, check for two possibilities:

Back 148

(1) a list (apples, grapes, AND pears), or (2) two main clauses (/ like apples, AND she likes grapes). The GMAT will occasionally create a mixed-up sentence by linking a main clause to a fragment with and after a comma

Front 149

Do not use a comma before and to separate two verbs that have the same

Back 149

Subject. Either eliminate the comma or add a subject to the second verb, creating a second main clause.
Wrong: Earl walked to school, AND later ate his lunch.
Right: Earl walked to school AND later ate his lunch.
Right: Earl walked to school, AND HE later ate his lunch.

Front 150

The semicolon (;) connects two ...

Back 150

Closely related statements. Each statement must be able to stand alone as an independent sentence. For instance, we can fix the previous example by using a semicolon.

Right: Earl walked to school; he later ate his lunch.

Front 151

When you use a semicolon, you should ensure that the two sentence parts are related in ...

Back 151

An independent, balanced way.
If it seems that the author originally meant to subordinate one part to the other, you must preserve that intent.
Right: The dam has created dead zones, WHERE fish have disappeared.
Wrong: The dam has created dead zones; fish have disappeared.

Front 152

The semicolon is often followed by ...

Back 152

A Conjunctive Adverb or other transition expression, such as however, therefore, or in addition. In this way, we can modify the equal relationship that a bare semicolon implies. Note that these transitional elements are not true conjunctions like and. As a result, you must use semicolons, not commas, to join the sentences.

Wrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, THEREFORE, we never see them apart.
Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; THEREFORE, we never see them apart.

Front 153

Wrong: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire, Wow, Owls, and Blood, Sweat & Tears.

Back 153

Right: I listen to Earth, Wind & Fire; Wow, Owls; and Blood, Sweat & Tears.

Front 154

The colon (:) provides further explanation for ...

Back 154

What comes before it. For example, you can use a colon to equate a list with its components. You should be able to insert the word namely or the phrase that is after the colon.

Front 155

What comes before the colon must be able to

Back 155

Stand alone as a sentence. What comes after the colon does not have to be able to stand alone.

Front 156

Whatever needs explanation should be placed as close to the colon as possible.

Worse: Three factors affect the rate of a reaction: concentration, surface area, and temperature.

Back 156

Better: The rate of a reaction is affected by three factors: concentration, surface area, and temperature.

Front 157

For in­stance, you should use dashes to separate ... from an item in a list:

Back 157

An appositive.


Right: My three best friends— Danny, Jimmy, and Joey— and I went skiing.

If you used commas in this sentence, you might think that seven people were going skiing.

Front 158

Unlike the colon, the dash does not need to be immediately preceded by ...

Back 158

The part needing explanation.

Right: Post-MBA compensation for investment bankers tends to surge far ahead of that for management consultants—by tens, if not hundreds, of thou­sands of dollars a year.

Front 159

Countable Modifiers

NUMEROUS hats

Uncountable Modifiers

... patience

Back 159

GREAT

Front 160

Countable Modifiers

MORE NUMEROUS hats

Uncountable Modifiers

... patience

Back 160

GREATER

Front 161

Be careful with unit nouns, such as dollars or gallons. By their nature, unit nouns are countable: one dollar, two dollars, three dollars. Thus, they work with most of the countable modifiers. However, unit nouns represent uncountable quantities:

Back 161

Money, volume. (You can count money, of course, but you can­ not count the noun money: one money (?), two moneys (?), stop.) As a result, we use less with unit nouns, when we really want to indicate something about the underlying quantity.

Right: We have LESS THAN twenty dollars.

This means that the amount of money we have, in whatever form, totals less than $20. If we write We
have FEWER THAN twenty dollars, we mean the actual pieces of paper. (You would probably say fewer than twenty dollar bills to make the point even clearer)

Front 162

"Numbers" is possible in a few contexts. If you wish to make a comparison, use .., not more than (which might imply that the quantity of numbers is larger, not the numbers themselves).

Back 162

Greater than.

Wrong: The rare Montauk beaked griffin is not extinct; its NUMBERS are now sus­pected to be much MORE than before.

Right: The rare Montauk beaked griffin is not extinct; its NUMBERS are now sus­pected to be much GREATER than before.

Front 163

What is "gerund"?

Back 163

It is "ing" (present participle) form of a verb used as a noun.
Unlike infinitives, gerund and gerund phrases can play any virtually any noun role:
1) subject;
2) object;
3) object of the prepositional phrase.

Front 164

The "-ing" form of a verb actually has 3 different roles:

Back 164

1) as part of a progressive verb;
They a are buying a house.
2) as a participle, a modifier;
The couple buying the house across the street has two dogs
3) as a gerund, in a noun role.
Buying a new house is a very time-consuming work.

Front 165

Gerung phrase?

Back 165

Gerund + predicate

Front 166

Auxiliary verb

Back 166

Also known as "helping verbs", are verbs that accompany a main verb, often to indicate a change in vern tense or verb mood or some other condition (e.g. permission, ability, etc.)

Forms of verb "to be", "to have", and "to do"
may, might
must
can, could
will, would
should

Front 167

Conditionals

Back 167

If then statements

1. Then is optional.
2. Without the word "then" the oreder can be reversed.

Front 168

Three types of Conditionals

Back 168

1) First conditionals = general rules or real situations.
general rules = present tense indicative.
You must stop if the light is right.
If the number is negative, then its square root is not on the number line.
real rules = ordinary tenses

2) Second conditionals = unreal or unlikely situations
"if" + [past tense], "would" + [verb]

3) Third conditionals = unreal / impossible past scenarios
"if" + past perfect, "would have" + past participle

Front 169

When the passive voice is acceptable on GMAT?

Back 169

1. The passive voice is grammatically 100% correct.
2. The identify of the "doer" is unknown and/or not an object of concern.
3. For rhetorical reasons, we may want to focus on the recipient of action.

Front 170

If the action in the modifier happens at a different time from the action of the main clause, we cannot ...

Back 170

use a participial phrase.

Wrong: Right now, I saw the man yesterday riding a unicycle.

Front 171

The perfect participle is ...

Back 171

active (which means we can make one for all verbs) and indicates an action that took place in the past and completed.
The perfect participle almost always modifies only the subject of a sentence (unlike other participles, which are considerably more flexible).

Front 172

In addition to forming parts of verbs in different tenses, participles can also act as modifiers.

Present participle - ...
Past participle - ...

Back 172

Present participle = active. The thing modified is "actor"

the man speaking

Past participle = passive. The thing modified is "object"

the broken word.

Front 173

For transitive verbs only the ... participle is used as a modifier

Back 173

present (active)

Front 174

For intransitive verbs, both the ... participle and the ... participlecan be modifiers

Back 174

present (active), past (passive)

Front 175

Participle phrase =

Back 175

participle + a predicate (all that follows verb)

Front 176

In order to modify an clause clause ... are used.

Back 176

Participle and participle phrases