Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
ATP requirements of a 70 kg man
|
83kg of ATP
100 moles of protons used to synthesize the ATP ATP recycled 300 times a day |
|
|
Mitochondria membrane properties
|
Outer is permeable to polar molecules
Inner is impermeable to polar molecules |
|
|
NADH forms ___ ATP
|
2.5 ATPs are formed from ____
|
|
|
Coenzyme Q
|
Has three oxidation states
Electron transfer is connected to proton binding and release |
|
|
Cytochrome c
|
Uses heme to carry electrons
|
|
|
Complex I
|
Transfers electrons to coenzyme q
Pumps out 4 protons |
|
|
Complex II
|
Brings FADH2's electrons into the chain
Doesn't pump protons |
|
|
Complex III
|
Transfers electrons from Q to c
Pumps out two electrons |
|
|
Q cycle
|
Q picks up protons when reduced initially
Then releases them when oxidized by Complex III |
|
|
Complex IV
|
Transfers electrons from c to O2, making H2O
Four protons are pumped out Matrix loses additional four protons to H2O formation |
|
|
ROS
|
Reactive oxygen species
Can cause damage Implicated in aging process |
|
|
Superoxide mutase
|
Picks up superoxide and renders it safe
Exercise may increase mutase (more ROS during exercise leads to more mutase formation) |
|
|
Rotenone and amyobarbital
|
Inhibit Complex I
Fish poison and sedative |
|
|
Antimycin
|
Complex III inhibitors
|
|
|
Inhibitors of complex IV
|
Carbon monoxide and cyanide
|
|
|
Mitochondrial inheritance
|
Only from the mother
|
|
|
Leber neuropathy
|
Mutations in Complex I
Result in blindness |
|
|
ATP synthase (structure)
|
Two parts F0 and F1
F0 is channel for protons F1 synthesizes ATP |
|
|
F0
|
a, b, c subunits
c is a ring that rotates with passage of protons |
|
|
F1
|
5 subunits
d connects to a,b of F0 e connects to c of F0 |
|
|
3 stages of ab of F1
|
O form - binds ADP and P
L form - tightly binds ADP and P T form - binds ATP Rotation of e causes the forms to interconvert |
|
|
Protons and rotation of c of F0
|
One proton moves c 1/(subunits of c = 10)
10 protons provides complete rotation |
|
|
Uncoupling ATP from proton gradient (function, location, activator)
|
Generates heat
Done in brown fat cells DNP |
|
|
Mitochondria initiate apoptosis
|
Cytochrome c is released into cytosol
Starts cascade of destruction |
|
|
Cancer cells and glucose
|
Take up lots of glucose, but only do glycolysis
Can use FDG to see glucose uptake Also see it in the kidneys and bladder, but that is excretion |
|
|
Cell proliferation
|
Needs lot of biomass (produced from glucose and glutamine)
Needs growth factor to take up nutrients Pull out intermediates from TCA to make NADPH for biomass Need a lot of glucose (because no TCA cycle anymore) |
