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109 Cards in this Set

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New Spain
What is now the southwestern United Sates and Mexico. Spanish move in to this area two or three deacdes after the fall of the Aztec empire. In 1810, New Spain extends from Utah to central America. The northern region of New Spain goes througb dramatic demographic loss after Spanish arrival.
Middle Rio Grande Valley
This was the region through wihich the Spanish pushed up into the Southwest. The valley goes through Albuquerque and Santa Fe. The initial push was in the 16th century.
Jesuit and Franciscan missions
These Spanish missions were a big part pf Spanihs colonizing. The missions provided Catholic education but were also a place where different Native groups brought their distinct beliefs together. Became a means of spreading Native ideas that hadn't been spread before.
American holocaust
The huge loss of life that occurred after the arrival of the Spanish in northern New Spain. Population goes from 40 million in 1492 to just over 1 million 100 years later. Much of this due to disease, some to direct violence.
Pueblo Revolt
Took place in New Mexico, 1690. A pan-Indian revolt against the Spanish based on a religious belief. Lead by a local figure names Popi. It drove the Spanish out of New Mexico entirely, they didn't return until 1692.
Religious Exchange
Occurred in Spanish missions. Indians from different groups came together at these missions and exchanged religious ideas. Helped spark things like the Pueblo revolt.
Sexual exchange
The conquest of New Spain came with a lot of sexual violence. Systematic rape of Indian women by military, sometimes sanctioned by military officials. The military community was almost entirely men so there was also consentual relations. This was critical to shaping the social relations and the determination of authority. Also, first Mestizo community in the Northern borderlands.
Colonization
The Spanish colonial project largely failed. They tried to promote settlement in the 18th and 19th century, but to most Spanish it seemed so remote
Richard Henry Dana
Came to engage in trade. This was a common reason for moving to the region. Was on a clipper ship that went south from Boston around S. America to trade with Mexicans. Want to acquire tallow and cattle hides. Take hides back to Mass. to make shoes. Tallow used for candles. 1840 he writes an account of getting to Cali Two Years Before the Mast. Is a popularizing document
Santa Fe Trail, Missouri Traders
Increasing number of Americans arriving to the region over land. A common route was over the Santa Fe trail from Missouri. These settlers were merchant capitalists.
Hide and tallow trade, Boston Traders
Merchant capitalists like Richard Henry Dana bring hides and tallow back to Boston. Hide used to make shoes, tallow used to make candles.
Austin colony
Stephen and Moses Austin. Most of the settlers are coming from the south, they are invested in slave and cotton culture. Are interested in bettering their economic situation. Come w/ set ideas of racial hierarchy
"They Wait for Us"
Poem which portrays Mexican women as waiting eagerly for the arrival of white men. Demonstrates the common stereotypes that Mexican men are lazy and Mexican women are promiscuous.
President Antonio López de Santa Anna
President of Mexico during th Texas Revolt of 1835-6.
anti-Catholicism
A big part of the racism that led Americans to think Texas should be a part of the United States.
Mestizaje, mestizos, mongrels
Because Mexicans were looked on as being mestizaje or having mixed blood they were thought unfit to govern.
Pio Pico
The last Mexican governor of Caifornia. Identifiably of African descent.
Thomas Jefferson Farnham
A New England attorney who toured California in the 1840s and wrote about Mexicans were unfit to govern California.
James K. Polk
Ran on a platform of manifest destiny. Drew Mexico into conflict.
Nueces strip
On the southern side of the Rio Grande, in Mexican territory. General Zachary Taylor sent U.S. troops into this region to escalate the conflict. The region had about 8,000 residents and was a cattle society.
Rio Grande
The river separating the United States from Mexico along the Texas river. This was the staging ground for much of the Mexican-American war.
Zachary Taylor
Taylor had earned his name in the Indian Wars and the War of 1812. Was called "Old Rough and Ready"
Brownsville and Matamoros
Twin cities on either side of the Texas-Mexico border. In March of 1846 Taylor trains his artillery in Brownsville towads Matamoros. He is asked to remove the guns Taylor then blockades the port of Rio Grande, which is an act of war. Mexican troops then cross the Rio Grande to engage with Americans
Veracruz and Mazatlán
Stephen Kearny and Winfield Scott are Americans engaged in anti-civilian measures in Mexico. Varacruz is bombed and civilians are killed.
Mariano Arista
The general in Matamoros who was told to just defend Matamoros but takes it further and crosses the Rio Grande, starting the war.
Battle of Palo Alto
First battle of the war. 2,200 on the U.S. side, 3,200 on Mexican side. U.S. wins this battle because of superior technology.
Captain John C. Fremont
Sent by Polk to California to foment a revolution against Mexico in 1846. He ends up in Sonoma Valley in N. Cali and meets up with a group of Americans. They kidnap Cesar Vallejo, a prominent Mexican and hold him hostage.
Sonoma County
Where Fremont ends up and puts together a group of Americans to strat a rebellion against Mexican government. They kidnap Cesar Vallejo, a prominent Mexican.
Mariano Vallejo
Prominent Californio before the Mexican-American war. After the war he and other lose control over institutions.
West Point
The Mexican-American war reaffirms the importance of the academy, which had recently been established. Students from West Point like Grant, Lee, and McClellan were important officers during the war. These graduates are seen as responsible for the victory
Manifest Destiny
The ideas of manifest destiny were present during the war but they were not used as a pretense for war. Instead, national defense was the major issue.
Citizen army
The size of the U.S. army grows dramatically during the war. By the end of the war the army has 100,000 soldiers.There is also a democratization of the army. Because of this many of the soldiers are immigrants, many Catholic and anti-Catholic sentiment in the army leads to many desertions. Highest desertion rate of any war--double Vietnam's.
Daguerrotypes
taken for the first time during Mexican-Americans war, people see these photos feel proud
Lithographs
Lithographs are also a new technology at the time. Used to reproduce images from the war.
Stephen Kearny
With Winfield Scott was one of the officers during the Mexican-American war who engaged in anti-civilan measures like the bombing of Veracruz. Kearny was also responsible for the capture of California. After war developed a code for governing Californios--known as the Kearny Code.

Led troops to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in June 1846 with orders to subdue New Mexico and proceed to California before winter. Establihed New Mexico as a territory (over stepped his bounds here)
Winfield Scott
Another general during the Mexican-American war who engaged in anti-civilian measures. Thought to be a great war hero, also served as military governor of Mexico City after the war
John C. Calhoun
Opposed acquiring Mexican territories because he worried about the fate of slavery. He also didn't want mestizos to become American citizens.
Veracruz
Bombed during the war, many civilian casualties.
Nicholas Trist
American diplomat sent by Polk to negotiate treaty with the Mexicans. he signs the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.Polk was unhappy with him and ordered him back to the U.S. He stayed against the command and negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
Mexican Republic
The idea of creating an effective republic and centralizing authority in Mexico City became very important after the war for Mexico.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Signed on February 2, 1948 by Nicholas Trist and President Santa Anna. This ends the war, draws a border line, pays Mexico 15 million dollars and most importantly, determines the fate of those currently in Mexican territories. Article 8 and 9 are especially important.
Article 8 and 9
Article 8: Mexicans now in U.S. territory have 3 choices:
1.move to Mexico
2.Stay but maintain Mexican citizenship
3. if they did neither of these things, they would become American citizens
This meant federal and not state citizenship, which meant they were protected by the constitution but had no political rights
Article 9: said that Mexicans should be admitted as citizens as soon as possible. This was changed by the Senate to be whenever congress deemed appropriate to admit them.
Pablo de Guerra
prominent Mexican in California. Condemned the treatment of Mexicans by their new, American government
Californio
Mexicans in California who had been incorporated into the United States after the war and their descendants. They rapidly lost their land after the war. As opposed to Californians, who were white Americans?
Gold Rush
Gold was discovered a few days before the signing of Guadalupe Hidalgo, but the rush doesn’t begin until 1849. Population grows by 500,000 over the next 10 years. Areas that had been the backwater of the Mexican frontier is now urbanized. San Francisco designed to look like an Eastern city, Mexicans are outnumbered
New agriculture economy is born out of gold rush migration
Demographic change brought on by the gold rush brings on an economic change
Squatters
Gold rushers move in and squat. Establish homes on land to which they have no legal entitlement. Californios, in an attempt to reclaim land claims, get lawyers, who they have to pay in land. The documents they have entitling them to the land are signed by the Mexican government, the gold rushers assume that these documents are fraudulent. Don’t hold up in U.S. courts
"Long Mexican War"
Refers to the continuing violence that occurred in California after the war. This mostly consists of violence agianst Indians in the north and against Chinese and South Americans. People respond to the changes through violence as well. A historian has suggested that although we think of the Mexican-American war as ending in 1848 it might be said to continue through the 1850s because the level of violence is so high.
Joaquin Murietta
Probably a composite of several different individuals. The most celebrated bandit of the gold rush period. Robbed stage coaches, broke into homes, sometimes killed. Terrorized principally white settlers. Embodied the frustrations of many Mexican Americans. Many of them expressed great sympathy for Joaquin Murieta. Thought to rob from rich anglos and gave to the downtrodden Mexicans. Unclear if he actually did this but stories like this circulated. A “social bandit”—helped by others. Also robbed and killed Chinese.
Tiburcio Vásquez
another social bandit in the same time against the same people. Born in Monterey at 1835. In 1871 robbed stage coaches and became the new Murieta, crimes of all sorts were ascribed to him. Songs and stories written about him. Vásquez fed this type of story by claiming that he himself was a political criminal, fighting for the social rights of everyone. Vásquez in part motivated by sexual competition. Captured and executed in 1874.
Andrés Pico
Son of the last Mexican governor of California. Urged Mexicans to stop the violence and use the courts.
Gadsen Purchase
In 1853 the purchase of lands from Mexico in southern Arizona and New Mexico. The Gadsden Purchase was intended to allow for the construction of a transcontinental railroad along a very southern route, and it was part of negotiations needed to finalize border issues that remained unresolved from the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo. Many Californios respond to violence in California by migrating to the territory of the Gadsen purchase.
The Squatter and the Don
first Mexican-American novel. Written by María Amparo Ruíz de Burton. Her ancestors had been employees of the Spanish government who settled California. She was raised in Baja California. Moved to Monterey in 1848. Married a U.S. army officer. When she returned to California after her husband died she spent many years fighting for her property rights. Travels to the state capital, Mexico City, and Washington D.C. Wrote her novels under the name “C. Loyal.” Squatter is a romance, centers around family Alamar, who in the late 19th century to hold on to their land. Decried racism, government corruption
Muledrivers
An example of the war in which California and Texas became labor pools for other parts of the country, muledrivers left California in the 1840s and drove to places far away. Many of these people are Mexican. Load pack trains in Northern California and take them north into Oregon and Washington
Language exchange, many of the words, such as cargo, entered the English language
Tejanos
Mexican/Mexican-American residents of Texas, regardless of nativity or period.
Bishop Jean Baptiste Lamy
bishop of New Mexico and Arizona in 1853, appoints mainly French priests. There is thus an institutional divide between the heads of the church and the common people
El Misisipí
1808 the first Spanish language newspaper is in New Orleans is in El Mississippi. Newspapers start in mid-Atlantic states. In port cities like New Orleans there is great exchange between Mexico and the United States, thus this is where the first Spanish-language papers start.
Francisco Ramirez
Early Latin American journalist in gold rush California
He collected newspapers brought by ship from Latin America and reprinted in whole. Part of the first boom in Spanish-language journalism
Carlos Velasco
Journalist during the "first boom." Journalists saw themselves as playing a role in fighting discriminatory conditions. Carlos Velasco was one of these men. Took overtly political stands. An “us vs. them” stance. The oppressed vs. the opressors. Promote the founding of schools
First Boom of Spanish-language journalism
Late 19th century. After the Mexican-Am war Spanish newspapers take off in California. This is the first “boom” in Spanish language newspapers. Reflected the arrival of people and commerce from Latin America
Second Boom in Spanish Language journalism
Fueled by massive migration. The demographics of the Mexican community in the U.S changed drastically. People are very concerned about national identity. “Mexico de afuera”—Mexico outside its border
“Mexico de afuera”
Mexico outside its border. Mexican migrants to the U.S. are not immigrants in the classic sense, they don’t put down roots they are “Mexico de afuera.” They are bound to return to Mexico at some point. In defining migrants in this way journalists are encouraging people to remain Mexican, retain their tradition and cultures, while in the U.S. This promotes the idea that Mexicans are in opposition to white Americans
Editor Ignacio Lozano:
Founded and operated the two most popular Spanish dailies: La Prensa (1913), la Opinion (1926)Lozano brought professionalism to the Spanish language press—hired good journalists and sent them around the country. Also published fiction including works by Mariano Azuelo, whose works become foundational in Mexican national lit
Mariano Azuelo
Wrote "Los de Abajo" (The Underdogs). First printed in Spanish language papers in the United States, His work became foundational to Mexican national lit.
Vaqueros
Spanish word for cowboy and cowboy is a literal translation of this term. Much of the cowboy culture comes from central Mexican cattle culture. Increasingly a part of the U.S. economy—taste for beef is increasing. Butchers look to South Texas to provide this commodity. African-Americans and Mexican-Americans move the cattle north. Again, the language exchanges, resulting from the working people involved in this
Tatita
Emerged in Western Texas right before U.S. Civil War, identified as one of these healers. Was one of the first borderland saints. Claimed the power to feed many with little food, heal people with diseases, and give the blind sight. Part of the borderland culture that resulted from catholic faith but lack of structured church.
Zaragoza Clubs
Women in borderlands form poetry clubs—Zaragoza Clubs. Wrote patriotic poems that identified themselves as Mexicans de afuera. Zaragoza clubs are named after Ignacio Zaragoza who led Mexican troops in the battle of Cinco de Mayo
Santa Teresa
Borderland saint of the nineteenth century. Said to be a healer, also to have led rebellions in Mexico.
Santa Fe Ring
Behind much of the dispossession in New Mexico brought on by railroads—a group of lawyers, merchants who saw Northern New Mexico as ripe for extraction. Timber industry, mining grows in N. New Mexico. Led efforts to take control of large tracts of land. Found ways to take away communal lands—squatters come in. Lawyers got people to sign contracts they didn’t really understand
Hispanos
Elite Mexican-Americans. Many of them were actually in favor of the dispossession being caused by the encroachment of American entrepreneurs.
Otero
New Mexico.A hispano who defended the dispossession of lands from Mexicans and Indians. Did some good—Otero did a lot to defend the Spanish language in the territory. So much so that the state constitution in 1912 affirmed the importance of bilingual education
Texas Rangers
Organization of Texas Rangers takes of in the 1880s. They had emerged in the 1830s. Doesn’t take off until the U.S. civil war. Hunting down of criminals.Take on the characteristics of what appears to be a race war. Texas Rangers are working to make sure that the area is safe for business
King Ranch
Biggest ranch at the time, Texas Rangers often referred to as employees of the King ranch
Porfirio Diaz
Born in Oaxaca, joined the military in 1846 to join the fight against the U.S.
• Distinguished himself as a general in the war against the French
• Elected to Congress in ’74, was an opponent of current president Sebestian Tejada
• Goes to the U.S. to try to start a rebellion against Tejada
• Launches the rebellion in ’76 in Oaxaca
• Diaz would be involved in the suppression of dissent
• Suppressed Indians rebellions. Most important were the rebellions of the Yaqui Indians in Sonora--Tomochi massacre of 1892
• Diaz is interested in modernizing Mexico, invests heavily in railroads
• Diaz goes abroad to get investments, an enormous amount of foreign capital comes into Mexico in the 1870s, 80s, 90s
• Enormous opposition to Diaz because they feel that Mexico is being sold to foreigners
Victor Ochoa
Launches a revolutionary movement from El Paso in 1893
Catarino Garza
September 15 1891, stands on the border of Mexico with a rifle and revolutionary proclamation. Hundreds of people supported Garza. Wanted to reinstate the constitution of 1851, that of Juarez. “libros fronteseros.” Ultimately, Garza loses.
• Makes his name as a journalist, is a political critic
• A lot of machine politics. Garza is critical of this. Believes it is a way to keep prominent Anglos in power
• Garza knows Diaz is paying political assassins to come to Texas and kill critics and journalists
• 1,000 armed followers
• The U.S. army spent over a year trying to catch Garza for broaching neutrality laws
• Garza, however, had many supporters in S. Texas, made it difficult for army to catch him
• Garza escapes from Texas, eventually arrives in Costa Rica, and continues to work as a revolutionary
Ignacio Martinez
• Doctor and editor of a newspaper
• Killed by Diaz’s agents
• Friend of Garza, angers him and others
ASARCO
American Smelting and Refining Company. One of the companies responsible for the industrial boom in Mexico at the turn of the century. ASARCO owned by the Guggenheims. They have plants in Texas as well. Migrants come from across Mexico to work in Monterey. Smeltertown is established-the worker town for their plant. It is the largest ethnic Mexican worker town outside of El Paso.Migrants also come from the U.S. and Europe.
Colonía America
Neighborhood in Monterey where skilled American laborers who have been contracted to work go. The neighborhood is very different from the rest of Monterey--large, well-groomed houses.
Newlands Reclamation Act
1902, directed money from the sale of public lands to the creation of an irrigation system in 16 states. Creates agricultural economy in southern California and Texas. The most contentious sit of development was in New Mexico where large swaths of land are turned into national forest. Newlands drives the development of crops like oranges and sugar beets.
Oxnard, California
In Ventura county. After the Newlands Reclamation Act becomes a principal site of sugar beet production. Japanese and Mexicans make up the majority of the workforce.
Japanese-Mexican Labor Association
Created in February 1903. The first inter-ethnic farm labor union in California. American press was sure the union would fail. Mission was to work across community lines to raise wages, limit power or contractors. Within a year they had organized 90% of the farm workers. Went on strike in March 1903. Violence erupts between the workers and the scabs but ultimately JMLA wins demands.
American Federation of Labor/Samuel Gompers
Gompers president of the AFL. The JMLA apply to be members of the AFL. Gompers says the AFL will only admit the JMLA if they drop their Japanese membership. JMLA decides instead to reject joining the AFL. After this the AFL ignores the presence of Mexican and agricultural workers.
Ricardo Flores Magón
Mexican anarchist. Anarchism is a growing movement in Mexico in the 20th century. They travel the railroads and spread their ideas. They gain support because of the growing divide between the rich and the poor. Magón is a journalist. In 1900 Ricardo and his brother, Jesus, start a paper called Regeneración.
Regeneración
Anarchist paper started by the Magón brothers. It is deeply critical of the church and foreigners. Magones become more radical as they are more repressed. The paper, its ideas of worker's rights and the rights of workers to own the means of production, help foment the Cananea strike.
Cananea Strike
Large mining strike in Sonora in June of 1906. 19,000 miners go on strike. They issue a series of demands including increase in pay, equal wages across the board regardless of nativity or race, 8 hour work day. Owner, William Greene, rejects all demands and calls in the Mexican mountain police. 35 Mexicans and 2 Americans are killed. Greene also calls in Arizona Rangers, who are deputized by the Mexican governor. This incident really angers Mexicans.
Mexican Wage
The lower wage that was payed to Mexican workers in Mexican insutries. Foreigners, Americans and Europeans, usually got the higher-paying skilled jobs.
William Greene
Owner of the Sonora mines where the Cananea strike was. He was an American and his calling in of the Mexican mountain police and the Arizona rangers helped confirm in the eyes of many Mexicans that Díaz was selling the country to foreigners.
Sara Estella Ramírez
Important journalist at this time
• Deeply influenced by the Cananea strike and the work of the Magón brothers
• Born in 1881 in Northern Mexico, died in 1910 in Texas
• Educated in public schools in Monterey and graduated from a teacher’s college
• 1898 Ramirez crosses the border to become a teacher in Laredo, Texas
• Prominent cultural presence in Laredo and Northern Mexico
• Published poems, essays, also a political organizer, worked with the Magón brothers
• Ramírez became a preeminent feminist in this period
• Because she was a woman she was able to do some work that men were unable to do
• She was harassed much less by police who did not see her as a threat
Plan de San Luis Potosí
Written by Francesco Madero in San Antonio:
o Demands an uprising on November 20, 1910
o Madero accuses Díaz of suppression of opposition
o Says he will restore common lands
o Names himself the provisional president of Mexico
o This document circulates—its is reprinted in the press
o There was no uprising on this day
o In Western Chihuahua some revolutionary leaders step forward to try to take control of this region
• They are Pancho Villa and Orozco
o Madero declares himself in charge of the revolution in Chihuahua
Francisco Madero
Francisco Madero stepped into the space opened up in Mexico in 1908 when Porfirio Díaz seems to suggest he would accept the formation of opposition political parties . He was a member of the northern elite
• Madero had long been resistant to foreign investment in Mexico
• Díaz arrests Madero a few days before the election of 1910 and charges him with sedition
• Díaz wins the election again and then lets Madero go
• Madero enters the United States into what is safer political space an writes the Plan de San Luis de Potosí
Pascual Orozco and Pancho Villa
Revolutionary leaders in Western Chihuahua. Try to take control of this region, Madero names himself in charge of this revolution.
Emilio Zapata
Leads a revolution in the state of Morelos in 1910-11. Part of a wave of revolutions going on in Mexico during this time that led to the fall of Porfirio Diaz
Ciudad Juárez
The first city captured by the revolutionaries in May 1911. Right over the border from El Paso, where many revolutionaries were living and working in exile.
William Howard Taft
President during the Mexican revolution. Sends 20,000 U.S. troops to the border. he says he is doing this not to intervene in Mexico but to prevent European powers from intervening. This just increases tensions on the border to Mexicans it seems like the U.S. is poised to invade.
Treaty of Ciudad Juarez
This listed the terms of Díaz's resignation in 1911. Madero is then elected in October of 1911
Victoriano Huerta
Madero's top military commander. Kills Madero
Plan de San Diego
1915. San Diego, Texas. Calls for another uprising of the "liberating armies of races of peoples" comprised of Mexican-Americans, African-Americans, and Japanese-Americans. They want to "free" the states of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Calls for the killing of all white males over the age of 16.The document immediately sends shockwaves throughout law enforcement circles. The document did indeed prompt a new kind of revolutionary activity and there were many adherents.
Aniseto Pizaña, Luis de Rosa, Basilio Ramos Jr.
Leaders of the movement started by the Plan de San Diego. Engaged in guerilla-war type activities. Killed white Texans--21 white Texans die on the U.S. side.
Francisco Villa
pro-U.S. figure in northern Mexico at the time of the revolution. People were fascinated by him, he even had a contract with a film studio in L.A. In 1915 Villa bagan to become frustrated with the revolution and frustrated by waning support from Wilson. Villa crosses the border in 1916 and raids Colomus, New Mexico, killing 17 U.S. citizens. Wilson calls in John "Blackjack" Pershing who had fought the Apaches and ghost-dancers to find Villa.
Columbus, New Mexico
Site of Pancho Villa's raid on the U.S. in 1916. Kills 17 Americans and kicks off Pershing's chase of Villa into Mexico.
John "Blackjack" Pershing
Officer who had fought the Apaches and the ghost dancers. he is called on by Wilson to find Villa. Pershing leads 10,000 troops into Mexico and they search for 10 months but cannot find him.
Baseball, tequila
Examples of the Americanization processes going on within Mexico. Gave rise to new cultural tastes within Mexico. Baseball supplants bullfighting, growing popularity of beer. Mexicans moving to the United States are now not encountering American culture for the first time.
Circular migration
Mexicans that immigrated to the United States with the intention of returning to Mexico. Many Mexicans looked upon themselves as circular migrants. They were usually single men who were looking to make money and then bring it back to their families.
El Paso
Increasing numbers of Mexicans coming into the United States by the railroads are coming through El Paso, making it "the Ellis Island of Latin America"
1917 Immigration Act
First major immigration act in the United States. It limits the number of immigrants who can enter the country. This is largely due to the growing number of southern and eastern European immigrants. Congress establishes a literacy test, immigrants must pass a public health tests, and prove they will not become a public charge. Mexicans are largely exempted from these requirements until 1921 because there is so much concern about losing the Mexican workforce.
U.S. Border Patrol
Established in 1924. New effort to regulate the borderlands.
• The border patrol draws many of its first members from hate groups—from the KKK, the Texas Rangers
• The border patrol is a compromise that emerges out of the debates in the 1810s
• The reshaping of the border comes to change how many Mexicans think of the United States
• There is a greater concern that those who return to Mexico won’t be able to get back to the United States
• Mexicans begin to feel an entrapment within the U.S. borders
Head tax
Part of the 1917 immigration act. All people entering the United States have to pay an $8 head tax. Effort to limit the poor.
Plaza area, East LA, Boyle Heights, Belverdere
Mexican neighborhoods in L.A. In the 1930s Los ANgeles becomes the largets community of Mexicans in the United States. By 1930-97,000.
o As many Mexicans lived in Belvedere in S. L.A. as there were Mexicans in Chicago
o 6 or the 10 schools in Belvedere are 90% Mexican
House courts/cholo courts
Dilapidated housing with outdoor facilities that Mexicans moved into in L.A. Really bad sanitation, high rates of infant mortality.