Metr 1 Test 1

Front 1

Why does a bridge become icy first in comparison to the road on ground?

Back 1

The bridge is able to lose heat (energy) from top and bottom, unlike the road on ground.

Front 2

Explain how, in winter, ice can form on puddles (in shaded areas) when the temperature above and below the puddle is slightly above freezing.

Back 2

strong wind and dry conditions lead to evaporative cooling.

water droplets at the surface are constantly evaporating which is a cooling process and the molecules are also slowing down allowing them to become rigid. With cooler temps above and below, ice can form on the puddle due to energy loss.

Front 3

In northern latitudes, the oceans are warmer in the summer than in the winter. In which season do the oceans lose heat most rapidly to the atmosphere by conduction?

Back 3

winter even though the oceans are cooler because there is a bigger temperature contrast.

in conduction processes, heat always travels from warmer to colder regions. Therefore, more heat would be lost in the winter.

Front 4

How fast is heat transferred away from the surface of the moon?

Back 4

electromagnetic radiation.

about as fast as it comes in since there is no atmosphere to slow it down

Front 5

If water vapor were no longer present in the atmosphere, how would the earth's energy budget be affected?

Back 5

no absorption of infrared radiation from earth would lead to cooling.

Front 6

At the top of the earth's atmosphere during early summer (northern hemisphere) above what altitude would you expect to receive the most solar radiation in one day? at the surface?

Back 6

in one day: tilt 10 deg
mid and high latitudes the summer sun would be lower and winter sun higher == cooler summers and milder winters

surface: tilt 40 deg
mid/high latitudes the summer sun would be higher and the winter sun lower == warmer summers and cooler winters

Front 7

How would the lag in daily temperature experienced over land compare to the daily temperature lag over water?

Back 7

Because water hears and cools more slowly than land, the lag in daily temps over water is usually much larger than that experience over land

Front 8

Where would you expect to experience the smallest variation in temp from year to year and from month to month? why?

Back 8

on a small island near the equator because here there would be a very small annual temp range

Front 9

In the northern hemisphere, south facing mountain slopes normally have a greater diurnal range in temperature than north facing slopes. why?

Back 9

because the southfacing slopes are receiving suns energy longer thatn northfacing slopes. this causes southfacing slopes daytime temps to be larger than northfacing ones causing the southfacing slopes to have a greater temp difference between night and day.

Front 10

sources and sinks of Nitrogen

Back 10

sources: volcanic eruptions and plant/animal decy

sinks: soil bacteria, ocean processes, lightning, fixed to roots of legumes

Front 11

what percent of air in nitrogen?

Back 11

78%

Front 12

what percent of air is oxygen?

Back 12

21%

Front 13

sources and sinks of oxygen?

Back 13

sources: photosynthesis

sinks: organic decay, breathing, and chemical combinations

Front 14

condensation releases what?

Back 14

latent heat

which causes heating and is major source of atmospheric energy

Front 15

why are greenhouse gases important?

Back 15

bc they absorb outgoing radiation from earth

Front 16

what percent of atmosphere is water vapor?

Back 16

0-4%

Front 17

what percent of atmosphere is carbon dioxide?

Back 17

0.037%

Front 18

sources and sinks of carbon dioxide

Back 18

sources: vegetation decay, volcanic eruption, exhalation of animals, burning of fossil fuels, and deforestation

sinks: photosynthesis and ocean phytoplankton

Front 19

effects of greenhouse effect?

Back 19

traps outgoing radiation which increases temps --> global warming which melts polar ice caps which increases sea levels which has huge effects on agriculture

Front 20

thermal energy is quantified by what?

Back 20

TEMPERATURE, obviously

Front 21

internal energy is what?

Back 21

the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy due to the molecules and atoms of a system

Front 22

thermal energy is what?

Back 22

kinetic energy associated with random motions of molecules and atoms

Front 23

heat associated with phase change is what?

Back 23

latent heat

Front 24

heat is transferred in what 3 ways in atmosphere

Back 24

conduction
convection
radiation

Front 25

what is conduction?

Back 25

transfer of heat from molecule to molecule

always warmer to cooler

speed depend on material

Front 26

what is convection?

Back 26

transfer of heat by the motion of or within a fluid

can't happen in a solid

very important

Front 27

horizontal motion is called what?

Back 27

advection

Front 28

what is albedo?

Back 28

ratio of total reflected to total incoming solar radiation

Ereflected
---------------
Eincoming

Front 29

what kind of absorbers does the atmosphere contain?

Back 29

selective

Front 30

Low thick clouds reflect solar radiation which is a [blank] effect

Back 30

cooling

Front 31

High thin cirrus clouds absorb infrared radiation which is a [blank] effect.

Back 31

warming

Front 32

calm cloudless nights are [warmer/cooler] than cloudy ones.

Back 32

cooler

Front 33

radiation can be classified by the

Back 33

electromagnetic spectrum

Front 34

earth is closer to sun in january than in july, what effect does this have on seasons?

Back 34

little or none

Front 35

23.5 deg has direct sunlight in northern hemispheres summer time, not the equator

T/F

Back 35

True

Front 36

why does the arctic circle get months of light or dark?

Back 36

bc of tilt

Front 37

where are the longest days in a northern hemisphere summer?

Back 37

polar latitudes

Front 38

why are summers hotter in new york than in alaska?

Back 38

insolation

Front 39

what is insolation?

Back 39

incoming solar radiation

Front 40

what is insolation affected by?

Back 40

angle of incidence
variations in day length

Front 41

effects of incidence angle?

Back 41

as energy comes in at an indirect angle, it reduces the effect of constant sunlight bc the energy scatters

Front 42

because polar regions have constant sunlight is there more energy than at midlatitudes?

Back 42

no because of the angle of incidence

Front 43

what causes global wind circulation?

Back 43

temp imbalance of incoming solar radiation

Front 44

solar radiation is from the

Back 44

SUN

Front 45

infrared radiation is from the

Back 45

EARTH

Front 46

cold air is [more/less] dense than warm air

Back 46

more

Front 47

greater diurnal and annual variations are [greater/less] in dry climates than in humid ones

Back 47

greater

Front 48

daily temp variation is controlled by

Back 48

input and output of energy

Front 49

during the day, input radiation exceeds output radiation which [blanks] the surface air

Back 49

warms

Front 50

during night, output radiation exceeds input radiation which [blank] the surface air

Back 50

cools