Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What 2 things measure specific gravity?
|
-Refractometer
-Multistix |
|
How does refractometer measure spcf gravity?
|
Dissolved solids alter refractive index of solution
|
|
How does multistix measure spcf gravity?
|
When ionic conc. is changed, the pKa of a poly-electrolyte changes and indicated by color.
|
|
What denotes high or low spcf gravity? values?
|
Hypersthenuria = 1.025
Hyposthenuria = 1.007 |
|
What causes hypersthenuria?
What causes hyposthenuria? |
Hyper = diabetes mellitus or x-ray contrast mdia
Hypo = diabetes insipidus |
|
What is isosthenuria?
What causes it? |
-Usually 1.010
-Renal tubular damage |
|
What 3 methods detect pH?
|
-Multistix
-Chemistrip -Double indicator system |
|
What 2 compounds are used as pH indicators?
|
Methyl red
Bromthymol blue |
|
What color is an:
-Acid pH? -Alkaline? |
Acid = orange
Alkaline = blue |
|
What is urine pH normally?
What is abnormal? |
Normal = acid
Abnormal = neutral or alkaline |
|
What is used to measure glucose?
|
-multistix
-chemistrips |
|
What is the basic reaction principle in the tests?
|
Double-sequential enzymatic;
1.Glucose oxidase makes peroxide and gluconic acid. 2. peroxidase produces oxidized chromogen. |
|
What chromagen is produced in:
-Multistix -Chemstrip |
Multistix = K-Iodide
Chemstrip = Terra methyl enzidine |
|
What is the sensitivity in each strip's glucose test?
|
Multistix = .075 to .125 g/dl
Chemstrip = .04 g/dl |
|
What can cause false reactions in the glucose tests?
|
Positives: hypochlorite
Negatives: ascorbic acid, 2+ ketones |
|
What are 2 causes of glycosuria?
|
-Diabetes mellitus
-Renal glycosuria |
|
What test is used to confirm glucose?
|
Clinitest
|
|
What is the principle of the clinitest?
What is its sensitivity? |
CuSo4 is reduced to Cu2O
0.25 g/dl |
|
What 8 sugars/acids will make the clinitest positive?
|
-Glu, lact, fruct, Galactose, pentose.
-Ascorbic acid, homogentisic acid. |
|
What is used to measure ketones?
|
-Multistix
-Chemstrips |
|
What is the multistix reaction for ketones?
What is the chemstix rxtn? |
-Acetoacetic acid + NA Nitro-
prusside makes a maroon complex. -Acetoacetic acid + acetone + Na nitroferricyanide + glycine in alkaline pH makes violet complex. |
|
What is the sensitivity of the:
-Multistix rxtn? -Chemstix rxtn? |
Multi = 5-15 mg/dl diacetic
Chemstrips = 9 mg/dl diacetic OR 70 mg/dl acetone. |
|
What ketone bodies are present in ketonuria?
|
Acetone .02
Acetoacetic acid .2 Beta-hydroxybutyric acid .78 |
|
What causes false positives in the ketone reactions?
|
L-dopa
cpd's containing sulfhydryls |
|
How do the strips detect protein?
|
By protein error of indicators; buffered pH of 3.0
|
|
What is the protein indicator in
-Multistix -Chemstrips |
Multi = tetrabromphenol blue.
Chem = tetrachlorophenol-tetrabromosulfophthalein. |
|
What is protein sensitivity in:
-Multistix -Chemstrips |
Multi = 15-30 mg/dl
Chem = 6 mg/dl |
|
What can cause false positives in the protein tests?
|
-Highly buffered/alkaline urine
-Chlorohexidine. |
|
What is a limitation of the protein tests?
|
-Most sensitive to albumin; neg doesn't rule out mucoproteins, globulins, bence-jones.
|
|
What test confirms pos protein?
|
SSA
|
|
What is the principle of the SSA test?
|
3% Sulfosal. acid precips protein to make turbidity.
|
|
What is the sensitivity of the SSA method?
|
5-30 mg/dl
|
|
What can cause false positive SSA tests?
False neg? |
-X-ray contrast media
-Drugs -Bence jones Neg: alk urine/highly buffered |
|
What are the 6 causes of proteinuria?
|
1. Orthostatic
2. Physiologic 3. Glomerular nephritis 4. Nephrotic syndrome 5. Multiple myeloma 6. Renal tubular disorders |
|
What are the rxtns for bili on:
-Multistix |
Bilirubin + diazotized di-chloroanaline in acid pH to make purple-tan color.
|
|
What are the rxtns for bili on:
-Chemstrips |
Bilirubin + dichlorobenzene- diazoniumtetraflouroborate in acid pH makes tan-pink color
|
|
What are the sensitivity for bilirubin on chem vs. multistix?
|
Multistix: .4-.8 mg/dl
Chemstrips: .5 mg/dl |
|
What can cause false negatives for the bilirubin test?
|
Ascorbic acid.
|