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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Concepts
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Words or signs that refer to phenomenon that share common charachteristics
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Conceptualization
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The process of clarifying what we mean by a concept
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Variable
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A characteristic that can vary from one unit of analysis to another or for one unit of analysis over time
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Hypothesis
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A testable statement about how two or more variables are expected to relate to one another
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Dependent Variable
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A variable that researcher sees as being affected or influenced by another variable
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Independent Variable
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A variable that researcher sees as affecting or influencing another variable
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Antecedent Variable
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A variable that comes before both and independent variable and a dependent variable
responsible for the association between independent and dependent variable |
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Spurious
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Non causal association between independent and dependent variables
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Intervening Variable
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A variable that comes between an independent and dependent variable
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Extraneous Variable
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A variable that has and effect on the dependent variable in addition to the effect of the independent variable
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Measurement
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The process of devising strategies for classifying subjects by categories to represent variable concepts
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Deductive Reasoning
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Reasoning that moves from more general to less general statements
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Empirical Generalizations
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Statements that summarize a set of individual observations
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Inductive Reasoning
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Reasoning that moves from less general to more general statements
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Grounded Theory
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Theory derived from data in the course of a study
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Ethical Principles in Research
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The set of values, standards, and principles used to determine appropriate and acceptable conduct at all stages of the research process
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Institution Review Board (IRB)
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The committee at a college, university, or research center responsible for evaluating the ethics of proposed research
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Protecting Study Participants From Harm
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The principle that participants in studies are not harmed physically, psychologically, emotionally, legally, socially, or financially as a result of their participation in a study
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Voluntary Participation
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The principle that study participants choose to participate of their own free will
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Informed Consent
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The principle that the potential participants are given adequate and accurate information about a study before they are asked to agree to participate
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Informed Consent Form
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A statement that describes the study and the researcher and formally request participation
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Passive Consent
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When no response is considered an affirmative consent to participate in research; also called "opt out informed consent," this is sometimes used for parental consent for children's participation in school-based research
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Anonymity
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When no one, including the researcher, knows the identities of research participants
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Confidentiality
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Also called privacy, is when no third party knows the identities of the research participants
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Honest Reporting
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The ethical responsibility to produce and report accurate data
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Sampling
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The process of drawing a number of individual cases from a larger population
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Element
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A kind of thing a researcher wants to sample
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Population
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The group of elements from which a researcher samples and to which he/she might like to generalize
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Sample
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A number of individual cases drawn from a larger population
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Target Population
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The population of theoretical interest
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Sampling Frame (Study Population)
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The group of elements from which a sample is actually selected
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Nonprobability Samples
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Samples that have been drawn in a way that doesn't give every member of the population a known chance of being selected
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Probability Samples
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Samples drawn in a way to give every member of a population a known (nonzero) chance of inclusion
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Biased Samples
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Samples that are unrepresentative of the population from which they have been drawn
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Generalizability
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The ability to apply the results of a study to groups or situations beyond those actually studied
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Coverage Error
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A type of sampling error:
An error that results from differences between the sampling frame and the target population difference arising between the parameter for the sample statistic and the population parameter due to sample collection (didn't sample enough of a particular group so it's not truly representative) |
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Nonresponse Error
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A type of sampling error:
An error that results from differences between non-responders and responders in a survey the observations that cannot be made because some potential respondents did not answer |
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Sampling Error
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Any difference between sample characteristics and the equivalent characteristics in the sampling frame, when this difference is not due to nonresponse error
error that arises when the sample characteristics are used to estimate the characteristics of a study population are different |
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Parameter
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A summary of variable characteristic in a population
statistic computed for the entire population |
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Statistic
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A summary of a variable in a sample
the statistic computed from the sample data |
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Random Digit Dialing
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A method for selecting participants in a telephone survey that involves randomly generating telephone numbers
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Sampling Variability
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The variability in sample statistics that can occur when different samples are drawn from the same population
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Confidence Interval
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Range of values within which the population parameter is expected to lie
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Convenience Sample
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A group of elements that are readily accessible to the researcher
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Simple Random Sample
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A probability sample in which every member of a study population has been given an equal chance at selection
>>generated list of random phone numbers, pick and choose from those random choices >>random numbers table |
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Sampling Distribution
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The distribution of a sample statistic (i.e. Average) computed from many samples
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Margin of Error
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A suggestion of how far away the actual population parameter is likely to be from the statistic
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Systematic Sampling
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A probability sampling procedure that involves selecting every kth element from a list of population elements, after the first element has been randomly selected
first element is randomly selected from a list or from sequential files (there is order to the list) >yellowpages >>sampling interval generated by dividing the total population by the number desired for the sample |
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Stratified Random Sampling
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A probability sampling procedure that involves dividing the population in groups or strata defined by the presence of certain characteristics and then random sampling from each stratum
(men and women, or take elements from many different job positions, etc) Over sampling> when you have 400 in a strata, need 200 for the study, you are taking HALF the population. But you need to in order to have the study work. |
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Cluster Sampling
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A probability sampling procedure that involves randomly selecting clusters of elements from a population and subsequently selecting every element in each selected cluster for inclusion in the sample
divide population into clusters, randomly sample clusters draw random element from each cluster why?>representative sample that is convenient to obtain A variation would be: Multistage |
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Multistage Sampling
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A probability sampling procedure that involves several stages, such as randomly selecting clusters from a population, then randomly selecting elements from each of the clusters
get sample for finding clusters (from 50 states), then get sample from each cluster (representative from each state) |
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Purposive Sampling
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A nonprobability sampling procedure that involves selecting elements based on the researcher's judgement about which elements will facilitate his or her own investigation
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Quota Sampling
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A nonprobability sampling procedure that involves describing the target population in terms of what are thought to be relevant criteria and then selecting sample elements to represent the relevant subgroups in proportion to their presence in the target population
so if you have 1000 people, and you know that in total the percentage seems to be 75%male and 25%female, then you would get 750 men and 250 women to meet that quota. |
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Snowball Sampling
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A nonprobability sampling procedure that involves using members of the group of interest to identify other members of the group
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Measurement
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the process of devising strategies for classifying subjects by categories to represent variable concepts
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Quantitative Research
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Research focused on variables including their descriptions and relationships
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Qualitative Research
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Researched focused on the interpretation of the action of or representation of meaning created by individual cases
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Measure
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A specific way of sorting units of analysis into categories
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Conceptualization
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The process of clarifying just what we mean by a concept
to define a concept you must use theory, prior empirical research and applicability to current research to define a concept |
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Conceptual Definition
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A definition of a concept through other concepts
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Dimensions
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Aspects or parts of the larger concept
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Multidimensionality
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The degree to which a concept has more than one discernible aspect
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Operationalization
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The process of specifying what particular indicator(s) one will use for a variable
process of connecting concepts to indicators -through variables questions asked about the concept in order to measure your variable |
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Indicators
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observations that we think reflect the presence or absence of the phenomenon to which a concept refers
if the concept is substance abuse then the indicator could be red eyes, munching, slurred speech etc |
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Index
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A composite measure that is constructed by adding scores from several indicators
list 12 items have people check off what they have in their household, use this data to determine x. then however many out of 12 is their ratio score |
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Composite Measures
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measures with more than one indicator
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Scale
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An index in which some items are given more weight than others in determining the final measure of a concept
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Measurement Error
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The kind of error that occurs when the measurement we obtain is not an accurate portrayal of what we tried to measure
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Visual Analysis
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A set of techniques used to analyze images
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Coding
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Assigning observations to categories
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Exhaustive
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The capacity of a variable's categories to permit the classification of every unit of analysis
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Mutually Exclusive
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The capacity of a variable's categories to permit the classification of each unit of analysis into one and only one category
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Reliability
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The degree to which a measure yields consistent results
test-retest intrarater/intraobserver |
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Validity
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the degree to which a measure taps what we think it's measuring
problems: idiosyncratic errors (a key word that throws people off to think a separate way) generic individual errors |
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Test-Retest Method
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A method of checking the reliability of a test that involves comparing its results art one time with results, using the same subjects at a later time
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Internal Consistency Method
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A method that relies on making more than one measure of a phenomenon at essentially the same time
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Interobserver (Interrater) Reliability Method
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A way of checking the reliability of a measurement strategy by comparing results obtained by one observer with results obtained by another using exactly the same method
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Face Validity
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A test for validity that involves the judgement of everyday people
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Content Validity
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A test for validity that involves the judgement of experts in a field
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Predictive Criterion Validity
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A method that involves establishing how well the measure predicts future behaviors you'd expect it to be associated with
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Concurrent Criterion Validity
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How well a measure is associated with behaviors it should be associated at the present time
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Construct Validity
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How well a measure of a concept id associated with a measure of another concept that some theory says the first concept should be associated with
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Nominal Level Variables
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Variables whose categories have names
categories (hair color) no mathematical interpretation Mutually exclusive: if every case can have only one attribute Exhaustive: if every case can be classified into one of the categories -dichotomies: variables having only 2 values |
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Ordinal Level Variables
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Variables whose categories have names and whose categories can be rank ordered in some sensible way
ex. Sophomores have more education than freshman, juniors more than sophomores, and seniors more than juniors offer intermediate or non-applicable option (don't know, not-applicable, neither organized or disorganized) who is sexier in order: rank scale 1-5 how sexy is each man:rate out of ten |
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Interval Level Variables
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Variables whose categories have names, whose categories can be rank ordered in some sensible way and whose adjacent categories are a standard distance from one another
i.e. birth year (everyone has a birth year) measure is exhaustive can be rank ordered and has an added quality over the other two in that the actual distance between attributes (values) has some meaning not divisible (nothing can be twice as much or as high as something else and make any sense)>>instead you can say person A has an IQ 10 points higher than person B no absolute zero ( whats the temperature, >there NEEDS to be an answer) NOTE: ranges (10-20 years old, 21-30 years old etc) are ORDINAL, not interval |
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Ratio Level Variables
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Variables whose categories have names, can be rank ordered in some sensible way, the adjacent categories are a standard distance from one another and one of the categories is and absolute zero point, a point a which there is a complete absence of the phenomenon in question
allows you to compare absolute numbers start at a zero point, such as income or weight >it's possible to have no income a person making 400,000 has 2x the income of someone making 200,000. >bc there is a zero point there can be a divisible factor i.e. alcohol content |
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Triangulation
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The use of 2 or more different measures of the same variable
to indicate presence or absence of a concept |
