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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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independent variables |
things we (or nature) manipulate - natural/artificial lesions - brain stimulation: TMS, DBS - genetic variation/manipulation - sensory inputs - psychological tasks |
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dependent variables |
things we can measure - action potential rate - bipotential amplitude - bipotential latency - metabolic/hemodynamic response amplitude - psychological performance ("behaviour") |
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association |
a connection or cooperative link between function and structure |
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dissociation |
the disconnection or separation of something from something else - establishing a single dissociation between two functions provides limited and potentially misleading information |
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double dissociation |
can conclusively demonstrate that the two functions are localized in different areas of the brain |
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manipulation |
- having active involvement in changing or potentially changing the outcome of the structure or function |
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converging evidence |
- evidence from multiple sources/locations/methods point to the same conclusion |
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methodological dimensions |
- invasiveness - spatial resolution (critical) - temporal resolution (critical) - directness - cost |
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invasiveness |
- can we use the technique on humans - ethical and moral concerns - range from very invasive (lesions) to not invasive at all (EEG) |
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Spatial resolution |
- how much ability do we have to resolve where the signal is coming from - what is the smallest structure or process we can distinguish between |
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temporal resolution |
- what is the smallest gap in time between two processes that can be distinguished |
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directness |
is the method directly measuring neural events involved in the psychological process or is it an indirectmeasure of the activity |
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cost |
- how much does it cost to run - a constraint on what we can accomplish - rely on research grants |
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spatial scales |
from single neurons to whole brain analyses - synapse - neuron - column layer - area - brain network - from mm - cm's |
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temporal scales |
range from the millisecond to days/weeks |
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single cell recording in terms of temporal and spatial scales |
- recording potential of a single neuron (millimeters) and ranges in time from milliseconds to a few hours |
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brain lesions in terms of temporal and spatial scales |
- looking at brain area and network for a period of days to years |
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Oscillatory EEG activity |
- task related oscillations - event-related synchronization/desynchronisation |
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steady-state evoked potentials (SSEP) |
- natural responses to visual stimulation at specific frequencies |
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Electrocorticography (ECoG) |
- used in pre-surgical planning - gives more resolution and power |
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magnetoencephalography (EMG) |
- recording magnetic field changes |
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EEG frequency bands |
Beta: high frequency, low amplitude that reflects the brain being awake and alert Alpha: lower frequency, slightly higher amplitude - originate from occipital lobe during wakeful relaxation with closed eyes Theta: observed in the hippo campus and cortical areas - even lower frequency and higher amplitude delta: very low frequency and high amplitude - indication of sleep |
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Epilepsy in terms of EEG reading |
high amplitude high frequency |
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pyramidal cells |
- orientated perpendicular to cortical surgace - "open-field" arrange - all orientated the same way - very likely the is what the EEG is recording |
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non-pyramidal cells |
- orientated randomly - "closed-field" arrangement - cortical interneurons |
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open-field |
- population of cells orientated similarly (or mixed) - electric field summates constructively |
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closed-field |
- cells are randomly oriented - electric field summates desctructively |
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Neural potentials |
-intracellular information transmission showing changes in membrane potential and is a duration of milliseconds |
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EPSP |
excititory post synaptic potential - moving the cell towards generating its own output |
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IPSP |
inhibitory post synaptic potential - moving cell away from generating its own output |
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Detection at a distance (scalp) requires |
- open-field architecture (pyramidal cells) - (near) simultaneous generation of neural potentials |
