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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Another name for the ABAB design is _______
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Reversal design
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3 acceptable approaches for addressing the problem of excessive baseline variability in a single-subject design:
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-waiting it out - continue measureing baseline until stabilizes
-averaging across several data points in the baseline -controlling variables that might be producing the variability |
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In probability sampling:
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-the predetermined probability of EACH individual being included in the sample is known
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3 people who focused on single-subject methodology
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-wundt
-skinner -ebbinghaus |
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cross sectional
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surveyed one time across a set of participants
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successive independent
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over period of time, different people surveyed
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longitudinal
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over period of time, same people surveyed
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Stratified random sample
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population is divided into CATEGORIES and an equal number of members are randomly selected from each category
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Snowball Sample
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one member of the population is located and that member is used to locate other members
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Systematic Sample
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A rule is used to select members such as choosing every 5th member from the sampling frame
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Simple Random Sample
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each member has an equal chance of being included
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Stratified Proportionate Sample
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The population is divided into categories and members are randomly selected from each CATEGORY in a way that results in a sample that accurately reflects the diversity of the population
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Census
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ALL members of the population are included in the survey
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2 types of multiple baseline designs:
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-traditional: verbal instructions, punishment, yelling
-behavioral: systematic verbal feedback, positive and negative reinforcement |
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how do true experiments and quasi experiments differ in terms of their validity?
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-true experiments: lower external validity, higher internal validity
(not real world setting) -quasi experiments: often have immediate impact on people/animals lives real world setting = Higher external validity, lower internal. |
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what is "participant observation" (defining features)? Example?
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-the observer both observes and is a part of the action (interacts with those being observed)
- village example |
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ABAB
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Baseline, apply treatment, return to baseline, reapply treatment
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what does ABAB reversal design rule out?
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2 threats to internal validity: history and maturation
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what are the 2 issues in 2nd baseline phase?
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-behavior may revert to baseline. other factors in the environment may support the behavior change
- it may be unethical to recover baseline if the behavior is dangerous to either the subject or others (self-mutilating behavior) |
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threat to internal validity: History
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the occurence of an event between measurements and systematically affect the DV(changes behavior)
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threat to internal validity: Selection
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when important differences exist between the kinds of individuals at one level of the independent variable compared to anther level of IV (usually result of non-random assignment to levels of IV)
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threat to internal validity: Statistical Regression
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extreme scores will become less extreme on re-measurement (the group of scores regress towards the mean)
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threat to internal validity : Maturation
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similar to history in that it involves time-related factors, but the concern is the changes in your SUBJECTS between measurements (growing older, wiser, weaker/stronger)
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threat to internal validity: Attrition/mortality
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occurs when you see subjects lost through death or withdrawel from the study at a higher rate of one level of the IV than another
(WWII example with shock treatment) |
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non-equivalent control group design
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01 X 02 experimental
01 02 control (quiet hours ex.) |
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simple interrupted time series design
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010203 X 040506
one group w/ series of observations before and after treatment |
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time series with non equivalent comparison group
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010203 X 010203
_______________ 010203 010203 over time multiple observations before treatment and after, only one group receives treatment |
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one group pretest postest design
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01 X 02
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