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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Sokal hoax
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in Godfrey Smith. It is the idea that you can use plain language and that ‘fancy words’ don’t make science. The example was that people just come up with different words that mean the same thing as previous studies, and that changing a word doesn’t create science.
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Naturalism
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godfrey smith- the best way to address many philosophical problems is to approach them within our best current scientific picture of the world. Emphasizes the links between philosophy and science.
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The theory
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ladenness of observation- a family of ideas that all claim in some way that observation not be an unbiased way to test rival theories or larger units like paradigms because observations judgments or reports are affected by theoretical belief of the observer.
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Bayesianism (in science)-
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Wizard of Oz, ‘were not in Kansas anymore’. Update beliefs on the state of nature as your go along. Either gain confidence in beliefs of update and change them.
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Eliminative inference
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godfrey smith- A pattern of inference in which a hypothesis is supported by ruling out other alternatives
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Explanatory inference
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godfrey smith- An inference from a set of data to a hypothesis about a structure or process that would explain the data.
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Null Hypothesis
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is a hypothesis set up to be nullified or refuted in order to support an alternate hypothesis, it is assumed to be true until statistical evidence proves otherwise
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Direct Relationship
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a specific correlative relationship is presumed in which one variable has a predictable association with another. One variable increases as the other increases
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Inverse Relationship
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a specific correlative relationship is presumed in which one variable has a predictable association with another. One variable increases while the other decreases.
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Causal relationship
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one variable causes the other variable to happen.
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Dimensions of Variables:
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public opinion usually is analyzed in terms of a variety of dimensions: direction (agree or disagree), location (scale), intensity (strong or weak opinion), stability (is it changeable), latency, salience (how imp. it is to other peoples opinions).
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Nominal
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: type of measurement is performed by evaluating, by some procedure, the similarity of the to-be measure instance to each set of category definitions. In social research nominal measurements include: gender, race, religious affiliation, party affiliation
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Ordinal
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type of measurement the numbers assigned to objects represent the rank order of the entities being measured. Allows statistics that describe the way the cases are ordered with respect to a variable; education, grade school, high school, college
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Interval
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: measurement permits comparisons of quantitative differences between cases on scale; example time periods. It does not have a “true zero”
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Ratio
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measurement permits comparisons of absolute distances between cases; money is an example. This measurement has a “true zero”
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Correlation
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the direction and strength of association between variables.
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Level of significance
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establishing the level of significance of the results constitutes an important test of the hypothesis. Significance tests tell us, under certain conditions, the probability that our hypothesis is right or wrong.
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Direction of Association
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this is part of correlation (which is used to statistically describe direction and strength of association between variables). Direction refers to whether the association is positive or negative.
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Contingency Coefficient
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: statistic, how far the actual distribution of data deviates from a distribution in which one variable is associated with no change in the other.
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Pearson’s r
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mathematical process that identify the closeness of the correlation of points in a linear relationship. It is a statistic which explains relationships between two sets of data. Hoover and Donavan pg.103
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Regression Analysis
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kind of measurement is to characterize the impact of variables on each other. If you know the value of the independent variable, then you can begin to predict the value of the dependent variable. Null hypothesis = 0
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Standard Deviation
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type of measurement of how widely spread the values in a data set are. Measure of a spread of its values. Technique to make two variables (regression coefficients) comparable.
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Beta-coefficient
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standardized regression coefficient. The amount of variation is one or more independent variables where the units of variation in one or more independent variable where the units of all variables are made comparable in terms of standard deviations from the mean
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Multiple Regression
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examines how several different independent variables are associated with a dependent variable. Tool for reducing the error in your guesses.
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R2
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it’s the proportion of the variation in a dependent variable explained by the changes in the independent variable. Estimates strength of the model
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Probit and Logic Analysis
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a form of multiple regression wherein the dependent variable is dichotomous. Use for nominal data.
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National Tides
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- trickle down theory of presidents party. What are the national tides? Positive, negative? Ex: bush administration in the 2004 elections hurt the republican party.
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Quality Challengers
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candidates who run strategically when they know they are likely to win- based on national tides, incumbencies, etc. they are not just throwing away a nomination.
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Method
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a collection of research strategies and techniques based on theoretical assumptions that combine to form a particular approach to data and mode of analysis.
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Making data
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a collaborative ongoing process in which data are interactively negotiated by the researcher and participants; the data are rarely fixed or unchanging, never exactly replicating what is being studied. Like any collaborative process, data is complex and impossible to control.
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A research strategy
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- a way of approaching data with a combination of techniques that are ideally consistent with the method the researcher has chosen to use.
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Methodological purposiveness
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There is almost always a best way to do any research project, a particular method that is best suited to each particular problem. The choice of best method always comes from research.
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Methodological congruence
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a fit between the problem and the question, fit between the question and the method, and the fit among the method, the data, and the way of handling the data
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henomenology
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Questions about meaning (e.g. what is the meaning of…?) and about the core or essence of phenomena or experiences
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Ethnography
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Observational questions (e.g, What are the behavioral patters of…?) and descriptive questions about values, beliefs, and practices of a cultural group (what is going on here?)
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Grounded theory
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Process questions about changing experience over time or its stages and phases (e.g, What is the process of becoming…?) or understanding questions (e.g. What are the dimensions of this experience?)
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“Armchair walkthrough
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mentally going through the process of which approach will be best for your research. Ex: If I ask this research question, I will need to do this; if I ask that research question I will need to do that….
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Theoretical sampling
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Your selection of participants is directed by the emerging analysis, and the theory being developed from data is subsequently modified by data obtained from the next participants.
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Literature review
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comparing and contrasting and combining previous work on your research questions.
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Research proposal
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A document in which you outline, to the best of your ability, what you plan to study, why, and how you will do it.
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Hidden agendas
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researchers may have issues they are seeking to resolve and may select theses issues as topics for study.
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Democracy (the author’s operational definition)-
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principal authors of the state are chosen through competitive elections in which the bulk of the population can participate.
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Authoritarian regime (the author’s operational definition
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defined simply by the absence of an institutional core (competitive elections).
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One-party state
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one party effectively monopolizes power, access to power was through party organization, the party legitimizes its rule through ideology.
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Military regime
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created by coups d’etat replacing democratic or civilian government. Military exercises power on institutional basis, with the military leaders either typically governing collegially as junta or circulating to top governmental position among generals.
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Personal dictatorship
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individual is the source of authority and the power depends on access to, closeness to, dependence on, and support from the leader.
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Transformation
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one of the three transitions to democracy. Those in power in an authoritarian regime take the lead and play a decisive role in ending the regime and changing it into a democratic system. Transformations require the government to be stronger than the opposition
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Replacement
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one of the three transitions to democracy. It has three distinct phases the struggle to produce the fall, the fall, the struggle after the fall. It completely replace the old system and forms a new system in its place.
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Transplacement
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produced by a combination of action from the government and the opposition. The government is willing to negotiate a regime change because there are some activists from within the government. It is about negotiation.
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Participatory Action Research (PAR
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follows the ethnographic methods of conducting field research using strategies of interviews and observations, but it challenges the researcher-participant relationship of ethnographic research. Do not conduct research ON people with WITH people who are being studied.
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Action Research (AR)-
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is research also conducted by a team of professional action researchers and stakeholders- members of the organization or community being studied- with the goal of seeking to improve their situation.
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Thick description
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a narrative that describes richly and in great detail all features of the culture.
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Taxonomies (classification systems
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function is to name objects and display the relationships among them, thus creating a framework for displaying the data. Allows to display classes of objects according to common characteristics.
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Four levels of research design
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locate methodologically, design the pacing of processes, strategies to be used, see the project as a whole.
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Designing for validity
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ensuring that you are designing a project whose outcome will be appropriate and fully justifiable, properly based in the data.
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Triangulated design
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the gaining of multiple perspectives through completed studies that have been conducted on the same topic and that directly address each other’s findings.
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Mixed method design
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a single method and one or more strategies drawn from a secondmethod are used in the same project. Mixed method designs are usually used because one method alone will not provide a comprehensive answer to the research question.
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Multiple method design
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- in multiple method research, two or more projects may both be quantitative, or one qualitative and one quantitative. Both projects are complete within themselves and are part of programmatic research.
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Culture (as used by Richards & Morse)-
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an abstract concept used to account for the beliefs, values, and behaviors of cohesive groups of people.
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Coding data
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getting from unstructured and messy data to ideas about what is going on in the data. Allows the researcher to simplify and focus on some specific characteristics of the data.
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Abstract thinking
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- transforming data from individual instances by creating, exploring, and using general categories that are derived from the data.
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Abstracting from the data
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gets you away from the data and toward the concept that help you understand them and sometimes build theories about them.
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Methodological congruence-
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the fit between the research problem and the question, fit between the research question and the method, and the fit among the method, the data, and the way of handling data.
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Reliability
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requires that the same results would be obtained if the study were replicated.
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Validity
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requires that the results accurately reflect the phenomenon studied.
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Appropriate sampling techniques
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do not just choosing the best of the worst case- make sure that you see an average situation too. Do this by using: Purposeful sampling, snowball sampling, convenience sampling, and theoretical sampling
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Literature review
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a review of a wide body of literature on one specific topic by a number of different authors. A literature review is helpful for scanning the major work done by scholars on any particular subject. I can give you a general overview of a body of work.
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Contribution to knowledge
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- identify the claims already made in the literature and asses the strength of these claims. Think of knowledge in 2 ways, what we believe and how strongly we believe in it.
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Contexts for literature reviews- 3 different
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1- an end in and of itself
2- preliminary to a bigger project 3- component of a finished research project |
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“Nuts & Bolts
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determine what each individual scholar has examined (what are they trying to do, what is the main argument) and then compare and summarize the collective results.
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