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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define measurement
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assignment of numerals to objects according to rules
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define: numeral
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symbol w/o quantitative value
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define: number
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numeral with quantitative value
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define: scale values
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have some attributes of real numbers
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extraneous variables?
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Control- potential IV
Confounding- contaminant Moderator- modifies IV-DV relationsip Mediating- link IV and DV |
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threats to internal validity
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maturation- time elapse
contamination- prior knowledge instrumentation- changes in instruments |
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define: construct
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generalisation from particulars
concept with additional meaning having been created for scientific purposes |
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define: empirical
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based on observation and practical exp, rather than theory
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quasi exp design
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non randomised but with control
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define: induction
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individual facts are collected to form a generalisation
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define: deduction
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prior theory connected to empirical instances
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sequence of hypothesis formulation
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Problem>obstacle>idea>research hypothesis> operational hypothesis
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nominal
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no order
no equal distance no zero |
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ordinal
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ordered
equal distance no zero |
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interval
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ordered
equal distance no absolute zero |
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ratio
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ordered
equal distance has zero |
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scientific orientation
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hypothesis
testing critical examinatin fact does not equal theory asses causal and correlational relationships |
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define: external validity
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generalisation from samples to population
1) populationV: extent to which sample can be applied to pop. 2)ecologicalV: extent to which sample reflects that seen in natural environment. |
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define: internal validity
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ensure relationship is a causal relationship b/w IV and DV
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measurement types:
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categorical
continuous latent variables |
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causal types:
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variable may cause change
outcome variable variable that effects cause and effect link variable that is responsible for cause and effect link |
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RANDOM probability sampling
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simple- flip coin
stratified- men and women cluster- most used division |
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NON RANDOM probability sampling
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Quota
Judgemental Convenience |
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Operational definition
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how something is made or created (details)
Measured- how variable is measured Experimental- details of investigators' manipulation of variable |
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Basic types of research objectives
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1) evaluation of measurement instruments
2)description of population 3)exploration of relationships 4)comparison b/w groups |
