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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A Posteriori
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After experience, scientific, tangible.
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A Priori
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Before experience, gained through reason, intuition.
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Aether
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Fiery gaseous substance associated with spirit.
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Agnostic
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Not sure if there is a God. Does not believe there is enough evidence either way.
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Allegory
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One group of things used to represent another (parables).
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Animism
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Everything has a soul or spirit, including inanimate objects.
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Collective spirit or soul
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Innua (ants, seals, fish, etc.)
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Anthropomorphic
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Applying human traits to non-human things i.e. plants, animals or even to God. E.g.: the face of God; His right hand.
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Antinomianism
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Your own experiences are the highest authority.
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Antinomy
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Two apparently contradictory truths.
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Atomist
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In the tradition of the Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus. Epicurus regarded the universe as infinite and eternal, consisting only of bodies and space. Everything is made up of invisible, indivisible atoms. It is similar to modern atomic theory, but instead of a basic element chart the Atomists believed atoms were microscopic versions of what could be seen. Early form of naturalism, believed that life originated in the sea and crawled onto land.
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Cartesian Dualism
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Mind & body. Mind effects mind (God soul spirit) and body effects body. Mind, however, cannot affect matter and matter cannot affect mind. This eventually leads to a separation of God from the world and a type of Deism.
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Cultural Relativism
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Is descriptive. It simply points out that in diverse times and places people do things in different ways and have different values and beliefs.
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Deism
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Detached God. God created the world, but has left it largely to its own devices. There are many different degrees of deistic thinking
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Demiurge
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Craftsman made material things out of eternal ideas.
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Ecosystems
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Ecological community of organisms interacting with their environment.
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Empirical
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Facts, hard observable evidences. Knowledge is gained through sense perception.
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Environment
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Education, family, culture-norms.
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Epicureans
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Pleasure is the highest good, get rid of fears of gods, death, afterlife.
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Epignosco
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Experiential knowledge
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Epistemology
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Theory of knowledge. How do we gain knowledge? Are there absolutes? Can we know things? How?
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Eternal Recurrence
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After the Big Bang has reached its furthest point of expansion everything will begin to contract or "The Big Crunch". This is an eternal cycle and implies that everything that has happened will happen again and again and again. It also implies that everything that happens has already happened an infinite amount of times.
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Ethical Relativism
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Is prescriptive. Values and morals are based on the culture in which you are living. "When in Rome.."81
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Ethics
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Study of moral judgments -How do we determine right and wrong, good and evil?
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Existentialism
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Experientially based knowledge. Only what you have or are experiencing is what you "truly" know. Emphasis is placed on the individual, free will, personal responsibility, living an authentic life and searching for meaning and purpose through the despair and meaninglessness of the universe. Angst refers to existential dread, which is a composite of fear and anxiety, over no one knows what.
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Fideism
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Faith over reason. Faith is a Gift from God and is more certain and can give you greater knowledge than reason.
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Gaia
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Mother earth, mother goddess, white goddess, fertility goddess etc.
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Gnosco
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Intellectual, knowledge.
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Gnostics
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A first century philosophical\religious movement, which was very eclectic in forming a synthesis of all know beliefs and wisdom held by men including the "mysteries", which would be revealed to the initiated as they climbed the ladder of spiritual enlightenment and perfection. This is similar to what we find in the New Age movement today. The main distinction of all the various flavors of Gnosticism is its emphasis on Dualism. i.e. Spirit=Good, Matter=Evil.
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Helenization
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Greek influence on language, dress, religion and all other aspects of culture.
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Idealism
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Reality is in the mind. IDEAS=REALITY Plato is considered the father of Idealism.
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Immanence
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God permeates the universe. God fills all things; there is no place where God is not. This emphasizes the omnipresent and omniscient qualities of the Godhead.
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Innate
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Qualities or attributes that are part of a being at birth. Innate traits are givens, they are neither learned or acquired, rather they are pre-existing conditions of human beings i.e. the ability to learn or develop a language, the concepts of space and time, the ability to distinguish between this and that and to make value judgements.
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Logos
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Universal consciousness, mind and soul. Cosmic consciousness. Universal reason. That, which gives order, design and purpose to the cosmos. Sentient beings have the logos within i.e. their soul or consciousness. Minerals , planets and stars are directed by the logos externally.
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Macrocosm
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The great world or universe. The BIG picture.
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Materialism
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MATTER=REALITY. Doctrine that all existence is reducible into matter or into an attribute or effect of matter. Matter is the ultimate reality, the phenomenon of consciousness is explained by physiochemical changes in the nervous system. Antithesis of idealism.
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Metaphor
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Used as a description
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Metaphysics
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Beyond physics. Above, after or beyond the physical. Metaphysics deals with everything outside the realm of the tangible, therefor concepts such as God, soul, spirit, mind etc. would all be included in metaphysics. Theology itself is a sub-category of Metaphysics. Origins also become a metaphysical topic since no one was around to see the creation or evolution of the world.
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Microcosm
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A miniture version or reflection of the entire universe. I.e. Horton hears a Who. Or in William Blake's example of "eternity in an hour" or "the universe in a grain of sand".
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Monism
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God = Totality of reality. All is in God. Monism can also mean that reality only consists of one thing i.e. water, wind, earth fire etc. as in the case of the ancient Greeks.
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Naturalism
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Nothing supernatural or metaphysical. Everything can be understood by science, utilitarianism (good = right), all that exists is matter.
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Neo-Platonism
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Type of idealistic monism in which the ultimate reality of the universe is held to be infinite, unknowable, perfect One. From this One emanates nous (pure intelligence), which in turn is derived the world soul, the creative activity of which engenders the known world. Neo-Platonism is also known for its spiritual hierarchy and its development of the great chain of being.
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Newtonian Physics
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Last paradigm before quantum mechanics and Einstein's Theory of Relativity. Newton-envisioned a mechanical universe, in which, God had set everything in motion and held it fast by His immutable laws. Newton also saw the Universe as a great machine and God as the ultimate mechanic.
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Noumenon
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Things in and of themselves (as they are). Noumena cannot be perceived by the senses and are therefor unknowable at least to man. This way of thinking led Kant to believe that Metaphysics was an impossible study for human beings since we could only know what we could observe.
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Nous
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Intellect, reason, pure intelligence.
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Numena
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True essences, can't know it, only God can.
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Objective
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How God views things since he in all-knowing, absolute truth, detached, suspended judgement, reason and logic not influenced by emotions and feeling.
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Ontology
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Study of being. Theory on being.
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Panentheism
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All is in God. God is greater that the sum of His creation. God is in everything.
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Pantheism
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All is god, nature is god, the world soul. "All is God, God is all, All is one, Everything exists inside God!" Came out of polytheism. MONISM
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Paradigm
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Outlook, model, worldview.
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Perception
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Interpreting and synthesizing our senses.
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Phenomena
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That which is perceived, senses (as they appear).
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Philosophy
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Philo (love)/Sophia (wisdom). Love of wisdom.
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Physics
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Tangible, scientific method, hypothesis, theory (Aristotle).
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Polytheism
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Many gods. Evolved from the many spirits of Animism.
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Presuppositions
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Preconceived ideas.
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Quantum Mechanics
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A theory based on using the concept of the quantum unit to describe the dynamic properties of subatomic particles and the interactions of matter and radiation. Objects are not linear is space and time. Solid objects appear to be made up of waves. The physical world is dependent on a perceiver. The subatomic world is made up of potentialities that are brought into actuality by sentient observation.
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Rationalist
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TRUTH IS THE RATIONAL. Age of reason & enlightenment - destroyed all the pillars of the Scholastics. They assumed that all the eternal truths are false and non-existent since reason could be brought against it.
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Realism
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What is out there is real; reality is self-existent apart from our perceptions.
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Scholasticism
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12-13 Century God determines all events. God is that which nothing greater than can be conceived. A God that exists in reality and not just in our minds, is greater that a God that exists only in the mind, therefore there is a God.
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Sensation
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Taste, touch, feel, smell, sight/emotions.
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Stoicism
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Opposed to Epicureanism, developed from Cynics, Socrates, divine reason, logos, duty is highest good. Follow the natural way. (Big bang)
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Subjective
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How everyone but God views things, viewed from my knowledge.
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Theism
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Personal God, immanence, transcendence.
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Transcendence
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God is not contained
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Thales
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640-546BC Father of Philosophy (Greek). Correctly predicted solar eclipse, rational explanation of natural events. Water is the foundation of everything.
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Anaximenes
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585-528BC Air is the foundation of everything. Hypercondenced or rarified air. SUBSTANCE
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Pythagorus
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582-507BC Reality = numbers. Pure, true, and logical. Music and sounds can be numeric.
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Heraclitus
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575-535BC Believed essential reality of all things was fire, whose nature is constant change. Nothing stays the same. Logos = universal reason. You can never step in the same river twice. "Everything is in a constant state of flux"
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Paramenides
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5th century You can't step in the same river twice" because there is no movement. Division is illusion. There is only ONE thing.
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Zeno
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Used paradoxes to substantiate Paramenides theory.
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PLURALISTS
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Leucippus 460-370BC Credited with founding the atomic theory of matter, later developed by his pupil, Democritus. ATOMIST
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Democritus
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460-370BC Greek philosopher, developed the atomic theory of the universe which had been originated by his mentor, Leucippus. ATOMIST Socrates Man is the measure of all things. "Be true unto self"
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plato
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427-337BC Father of idealism. Ideas = reality. You already know everything . . . you spend your life "realizing" what you already know. (Can be realism) concepts are eternal, materials are not. *Major Impact on Western Civilization throughout the Middle Ages.
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Aristotle
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384-322BC Father of Realism. The tangible or physical = reality. Form and function determine what an object is. Concepts are secondary . . . formed from the physical world. Logical proofs for God - cosmological cause & effect, God is the end of the chain of events, the uncaused cause the prime mover etc.
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Plotinus
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205-270AD Roman philosopher who founded Neoplatonism (new Platonism). Ideal forms. God is pure spirit, pure goodness. All things from God's emanations.
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Augustine
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354-430AD Baptized Plato, Idealism+Christianity. Synchronized Christianity w/Platonism. Wrote "City of God/City of Man.
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Aquinas, St. Thomas
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12-13th Century Baptized Aristotle, Realism+Christianity. Introduced reason to religion,.
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Descartes, Rene
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1600 Father of modern philosophy. I think, therefore I am. (Cogito Ergo Sum) Radical doubt, question everything! Recognized the importance of presuppositions: 2+2=4. CARTESIAN DUALISM He opened the door for Deism.
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Newton, I saac
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Universe is a machine, planetary motion, natural laws, and physics. God is the mechanic; the world is the machine.
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Kant, Immanuel
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1700 Synthesized Locke & Berkley (idealism and realism). We only perceive. We give order to the world. Time & space are reality. Phenomena and Numena. God knows the numena.
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Berkley, George
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To be is to be perceived. God perceives absolutely EVERYTHING! IDEALISM
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Hobbes, Thomas
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Empiricist. Came-up w/solution for Cartesian Dualism: get rid of the mind. First modern materialist, only matter for the physical universe exists.
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Locke, John
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Tabula Rasa" Latin for "Blank slate". We are all born w/clean minds and are a product of your environment. REALISM
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Bacon, Sir Francis
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Scientific method: hypothesis, test w/observation & experimentation. Repeatability/theory/repeat/law.
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Hegel, George
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1700 Dialectic. Thesis/Antithesis/synthesis (triangle). Being means that of which can not be added to or taken away from -- complete within itself. He used the same definition for both being and not being. Geist (spirit). PANTHEISM
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Marx, Karl
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Marxism. "Dialectical Materialism" - communism (replaced God with man).
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Kierkegaard, Soren
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Father of Existentialism. (Dansih) "What must I do to be a Christian?" Quest to understand God! Defined faith as an intimately personal, passionate pursuit of God. GNOSCO & EPIGNOSCO
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